Geometry And Mathematics In The Renaissance

Geometry And math In The conversion conversion is one of the historical bestrides that truly had an squeeze on the modern civilization in terms of development in education, design and many shapeer(a) fields and excessively it did not displace presenting out the closely important come ins during this age which had the same furbish up on modern civilization. This period of age started from the 14th century and ended on the 17th century starting in Florence in Italy and ending to the difference of europium. Filippo Brunelleschi was one of its most important figures, shortly, the rebirth style started to spread crosswise Italian cities and some other countries identical France, Germany, England, Russia and other parts of Europe at different dates and with varying degrees of impact. This paper will be contending the impact of conversion on the development of maths and geometry in the modern age, its intercourse and the important figures that truly had an impact on this p eriod. It will also discuss the important drawings and buildings that got affect by such innovations in this period of time.reincarnation is one of the periods that had an impact on mathematic and geometry due to the brilliant figures that have been in this period of time which will be discussed in this paragraph. First of all, Geometry is precisely a branch of maths that is concerned with shapes, size, position of figure, and properties of a blank analogous for example, a second power have a property of the flatbed equal-distance lines from all sides that gives it, its shape and the same goes for the other shapes like rectangle, hexagon, circle etc math in global is the train of any types of structure, a space like a ho engross, any designs etc., changes in velocity of an object, in worldwide, anything that has to do with equations and calculations is categorized infra mathematics. The most important figures that appeared in this period of age and had a true impact on Ge ometric and mathematics are Filippo Brunelleschi dating from 1377 1446 he is the inventor of the mathematics of perspective in painting. Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli dating from 1397-1482 creating a huge sundial and making astronomical calculations and also giving a higher accuracy in designing latitude at the ocean and luca pacioli who wrote a number of theories and current the geometrical proportions. (Fletcher, 2000-11) rebirth buildings heavily relied on the exercise of geometry and the mathematics in their design which heavily impacted other modern designs gutter now. rebirth type of buildings relied on curves, arches, triangle, circles and squares, which are the main(prenominal) elements of geometry, also needs to be defines as buildings like churches, castles and much more than relied on those basic elements and developed it into arches, domes, rectangular segments inside and outside the buildings as many floor plans could describe it.Renaissance building construction and how it was affected by such basic elements of geometry. The Renaissance great thinkers took the human organism as a model for the universe creation the perfect being do by god and used it in geometry and mathematics. This idea was developed by simply drawing this perfect figure which is the Vitruvian man rest in a square figure stretching his arms and legs forming a perfect circle slightly him. Based on these ideas, da Vinci do his own drawings establish on the use of human proportions and the Vitruviuss theory. In the renascence age, it was their aim to put such ideas developed into practice in hearty buildings .What was done is that he blended the use of circles and squares much in his general layout of his plan and in the plan itself he divided it further into spaces by the use of columns plus having the advantage of supporting the roof and as for the pecker part, he used it to act as a domes which was one of the most important figures in this period of time which g ives the building its texture and unique(p) style.In this drawing, Leonardo made some adjustments to the Vitruvius mea certainment of the human figure which was inspired by his own studies and observation. Finally after adjustments and his own studies, he created the perfect image of the human figure with the best proportions. Leonardo had the belief that god was the perfect geometer and the one who created the universe based on proportions and numbers, he believed that the human body was one of his perfect creation, based on Leonardos thought, he drawn the Vitruvian man stretching his own legs and arms to form a perfect revolving circle or so him and a square. However, in range to make this work, he had to place the circle riveted but the center on the square is a bit lower. Through adjustments and researches of his own measurements based on studies of life models, the Vitruvian figure is not recognized as an angel image and proportion of the human body. Proportion is not onl y to be found in numbers and measures, but also in sounds, weights, intervals of time, and in every active force in existence. stated by Leonardo da Vinci (University of the Arts).The development of mathematics and calculations in the renaissance period is for sure one of the most important matters in this age. During the Renaissance, mathematicians and artists wrapped their arms around the questions of perspective, infinity, symbolic algebra and fourth power equations, producing treatises on these subjects and offering fresh insights into the field of mathematics. The fifteenth through 17th centuries saw mathematical innovations in European countries like France and Italy, the impact of which extends to this day. These calculations were divided into different categories such as Analysis vs. discount where the Renaissance saw the advancement of symbolic algebra. In his Artem Analyticem Isogoge of 1591, Franois Vite took the ideas of Ancient Greeks Euclid, Diophantus and Pappus and sought to explain and clarify them through systematic algebraic notation. In doing so he could explain the concepts of analysis and synthesis. Analysis, or an surmise of something that is looked for and the arriving at something admitted to be true through its consequences, was to be distinguished from synthesis, which is an laying claim of something that is admitted (conceded) and the arriving at something admitted to be true through its consequences. Moreover, he applied rules for calculating species Vite further established rules for species, as opposed to numeric calculations. His first rule stipulates to add a magnitude to a magnitude, or to add only homogeneous magnitudes, such as apples to apples his third and after part rules instruct to multiply and divide magnitudes, respectively, which will result in intricate kinds. For example, a side multiplied by a side is a plane, not another side. Expressed through species, operators and units, equations could now be handled m ore easily. Also, in the development of equations, cubic and quartic was main ingredients Two breakthroughs during the Renaissance in mathematics involved the solving of both cubic and quartic equations, which had beguiled mathematicians before and during the Renaissance. Although the work was not his own, Girolamo Cardano is credited with giving general solutions to both types of equations in the form of radicals. Previously, equations of the second degree were solved in this manner, but not cubic or higher equations. He publish these findings in his work, Artis Magnae, in 1545. Finally, the imaginary and multifactorial numbers, another advance for mathematics during the Renaissance period was the acknowledgment of the validity of imaginary or complex numbers. Cardano, in solving cubic equations, came upon the appearance of negative numbers under the radical sign. Predecessors either brushed these aside or were not adequate to solve such numbers. Cardano, although he incorporate d these numbers in his calculations, admitted that he did not fully understand them. Nonetheless, his work with these new numbers brought mathematics to a higher level of abstraction.After knowing the impact of mathematics and geometry in this period of time, renaissance did also impact modern age building design even though this period of age is so old but till nowadays it still impact us not in the design of the faade but in certain designs. We can see how did the Renaissance influenced architecture and its design all around us. The Use of symmetry, columns, and balance of windows in modern architecture, whether at a bevel or courthouse, or even in an expensive home, all head to the influences of Renaissance architecture on modern buildings. Hence to effectively study the influence of Renaissance architecture on more modern architecture one should begin by more closely examining the elements and impact of Renaissance architecture and how those elements have been incorporated in to architecture today. Renaissance architecture followed the medieval period of architecture, which gave us the cathedral at Notre Dame, and was succeeded by the Baroque period, which is tag by highly ornate architectural designs and furnishings, and is often associated with the King Louis of France.The Renaissance period strongly emphasized the following elements Geometry which relied on having buildings, windows, and doors in square and rectangular shapes. Proportion, balance was critical in the Renaissance, and elements of the structure needed to be designed in proportion to other elements of the building. Symmetry relied on the use of geometric figures came an emphasis on symmetry and clean lines. Regularity which representation that there is a little about the Renaissance style that is ergodic or impulsive. A building must have recurring themes and elements. To hand these design goals, the Renaissance style employs many recurring elements, including Columns, Pilasters, Lin tels, Arches and arcades, Domes, Symmetrical windows and doors and last Niches with sculptures. Each of these elements is used in proportion and with much attention presumption to order and balance.Influence of the renaissance period came strongly in the eighteenth and early 19th centuries, which still many of these buildings still stand till today. Even subsequent, in the 20th century, architects are reverting back to Renaissance designs when building grand homes much like the palaces found in Renaissance Italy and France. Various aspects of modern architecture find their roots in the Renaissance style. The features can includeCube-shaped structure, Symmetrical faade, Smooth careen walls, made from finely-cut stone or with smooth stucco, Low-pitched roof, Roof topped with balustrade, broad eaves with large brackets, Horizontal stone banding between floors, Segmental pediments, Ornately-carved stone window trim varying in design at apiece story, Smaller square windows on top f loor and Quoins (large stone blocks at the corners). (What Influence Has Renaissance Architecture had on More Modern Architecture, 2011) We could also see many of these elements every day, all around you. Nowadays, designers do try out to blend the use of columns and style that dated 600 years old to use it till now .Finally, to sum up, Renaissance time period showed a great improvement in the geometric and its use in the buildings as described in the paper and also the mathematical calculations used and how they were innovated and the clear of the scientists who developed it. Moreover, we truly see the impact of geometry and proportions of space applied in their designs and how they made use of the basic elements such as circle, square, line etcwhich later on impacted the modern age designs

Approaches to a child with fast breathing

Approaches to a child with profligate breathingAPPROACH TO A CHILD WITH FAST BREATHING luxuriant breathing is the most common presentation in children visiting a hospital emergency. These children hold in the respiratory rate more than the normal tightness limit for that age group (see table 1), with or without increased run away of breathing in the variance of chest indrawing, nasal flaring and learning ability nodding. It may also be associated with stridor or wheeze suggestive of upper berth and glare airway obstruction respectively. There is a need of urgent assessment of airway patency and breathing when a child with prodigal breathing is first evaluated. Stabilization of vital parameters may require intubation, oronasal suctioning, phthisis of oxygen by hood/nasal prongs, intravenous fluid boluses, castigation of hypoglycaemia, nebulization with bronchodilator, intercostal tube drainage, correction of hyperthermia/ hypothermia etc. Such initial word coupled with a thorough history, physical examination and pertinent investigations, is followed by establishing a provisional diagnosis and instituting appropriate empirical treatment in the emergency ward itself. parry 1 The upper limits of respiratory rate defined by the WHOEtiology of fast breathing riotous breathing may not always result from a lung disease. It may be physiological e.g., exercise induced, or pathological due to pneumonic or non-pulmonary causes (table 2)Table 2 Causes of fast breathing in childrenclinical FeaturesA child with fast breathing be may have increased work of breathing (suggested by use of accessory muscles), cyanosis and lethargy or altered sensorium. Alteration in sensorium (in the form of irritability, agitation, lethargy or coma) indicates brain hypoxia and is cardinal of the earliest indicators of impending respiratory ill. While fast breathing is normally associated with respiratory diseases, it may also occur with fever, crying or metabolic acidosis. H owever, normal or decreased respiratory rate may be more ominous if it is associated with severe retractions (paradoxical breathing), cyanosis, grunting or altered sensorium. Central cyanosis is a late sign scarcely may not be detect in presence of severe pallor (low Hb) and dark skin colour.Stridor is a harsh inspiratory sound that indicates upper airway obstruction. Grunt is a loud noise produced by a forceful expiration against a closed glottis. Grunt and wheeze (a musical sound) are suggestive of lower airway obstruction.A complete history should reveal the tone-beginning, duration, progression of dyspnea, the aggravating and relieving factors as well as the associated symptoms like fever, cough, sore throat, chest pain, throttling episodes, accidental ingestion of poisons etc. (table 3)Table 3 Symptom ground diagnostic cluesClinical pearlsInvestigationsLaboratory investigations help to confirm the diagnosis but the immediate management of a patient should not be detain pen ding the reports of the investigations. Use of non-invasive devices such as pulse oximeter and ET CO2 detector (fitted in the ventilator) lessen the need for repeated invasive tests for monitoring of the child. Table 4 shows the relevant investigations to ascertain the cause of respiratory distress in a child.Table 4 Laboratory investiagationsTreatment The management of a child with fast breathing includes supportive treatment in the form of stabilization of vital parameters i.e. temperature, airway, breathing and circulation followed by definitive treatment by instituting appropriate respiratory support, antibiotics, chest tube drainage, decongestive measures etc. Acute onset of fast breathing, esp following choking, and stridor indicate foreign body, and warrants prompt bronchoscopic search and removal of foreign body.Algorithmic approach to management of fast breathingConclusionIt is essential to promptly triage children with impending respiratory failure and quickly institute su pportive management, simultaneously searching for the etiology and prep a definitive treatment. The above mentioned approach will improve the ending of children, especially the under-five ones, in whom respiratory infections contribute to the highest number of mortalities.Suggested readingKilham H, Gillis J, benjamin B. Severe upper airway obstruction. Pediatr Clin North Am 1987 34 114.Mathew JL, Singhi SC. Approach to a child with breathing difficulty. Indian J Pediatr 2011 kinfolk78(9)1118-26.Fallot A. Respiratory distress. Pediatr Ann. 20053488591.Singh V, Tiwari S. Respiratory problems. In Gupta P,editor. Textbook of Pediatrics, editition 1. India CBS publishers2013, pp 335-368.

Online Technologies: Opportunities for Charities

Online Technologies Opportunities for CharitiesInformation Technology and developments in non profit organisationsHow online technologies offer new opportunities for growth to the unselfishness organisationsTable of content (Jump to)Chapter 1 display1.1 creative activity1.2 Aims and Objectives1.3 OverviewChapter 2 Literature Review2.1 Introduction2.2 CharitiesChapter 1 Introduction1.1 IntroductionAs Sergeant and Jay (2004, p.2) hire commented, the design of humanity and their mission of raising funds to help the poor and poor has been around for centuries. However, both the events and complexities of humanity organisations grant multiplied signifi shtuptly oer recent decades. Sargeant and Tof allis (2000) confirmed reports from the NCVO that in the UK as of 1998, the progeny of nongovernmental organizations exceeded half a million, of which 40% could be designated as sympathy base organisations., This group was then reported to take a collective estimated turnover of approaching 20 billion. two of these statistics go awaying sport giving dramatically over the past decade.The main mission of charities is to deliver applicatory and constructive assistance to those in unavoidableness providing information on publicises much(prenominal) as health problems and disability or promoting the pass for fairer laws. These missions faecal matter be related to human activity, preservation of the natural world environment and its wildlife or seeking justice for those that argon oppressed. However, currently charities stomach to face up to a sum up of obstacles in effectively performing the task for which they stick been set up, most of which arise in two distinguishicular argonas. Firstly, with the change magnitude growth of acquirey ca lend sensationselfs, in that respect is a rise in the number of charitable organisations emerging to subjoinress these issues, increasing the competition for funds proportionately. Secondly, there is l ittle doubt from the level of enquiry that has been undertaken, that the charity giver is bonnie increasingly discerning approximately the impact of their donations. This concerns centres around the desire to take in that the boon has the maximum impact. Therefore, it is crucial to the donor that the minimum amount of that gift is dropd for the charitys internal administrative purposes.Despite the item that the mission of a charity has in the past much been deemed much important than economic determinations (Hussey and Perrin 2003, p.200), the current climate within this heavens is requiring them to sound more than economical if they wish to sustain the object glasss of their cause. This means that thy dedicate to come along for ways in which they can improve the effectiveness and the expertness of their operations. In this regard, although some(a)what belatedly when comp bed with the move by commercial corporations, the charity sector is increasingly studying the derives of using information technology processes as a means of achieving the efficiencies that ar essential.However, as Hackler and Saxton (2007), although some charities are incorporating information within their organisations, the extent, areas of the business covered and effectiveness of these developments has not yet been perfected in a significant number of cases. In fact, in some it is considered that with some charities it can be reducing efficiency. Indeed the look conducted by Sargeant and Tofallis (2000) cogitate that the performance of m either charities would appear to fall rise short of the efficient frontier with no immediately obvious explanation forthcoming for wherefore this might be so. Indeed, they could likewise find no pattern to the causes of these failures any.It is the issue of information technology in particular its effective and efficient use in charity organisations that inspired this research project. Of particularized interest is the exco gitation to assess the impact that this technology has upon the duel targets of increasing financial efficiency and improving the deli really of the main services and missions of the charity.1.2 Aims and ObjectivesAs put forwardd previously, the beat back of this research is to identify the ways in which information technologies can be used to improve the efficiencies of charity operations. In this regard it is intend to taper the research upon the system of IT in the online environment. Thus the research question or hypothesis that has been set for this study is as follows Online information technology processes can offer charities opportunities for growth and expansion in terms of the revenue and message and mission generating areas of their operations.To assist with the achievement of this goal the research ordain use the following framework of objectives Growth and maximisation of revenueIt is intended to assure the extent to which a charity can make use of the IT opportun ities uncommitted using the Internet to grow its revenue base and the orders by which this can be achieved.Cost reduction and efficiencyUsing the same expound as that included within the previous objective it is also the intention of this paper to address the issue of the appropriate IT methods that can be occupied for increasing the efficiency of the charity organisation in terms of constitute tally and reduction where appropriate.Mission and programmesBearing in mind the rummy purpose of the charity format, which is that it has a mission to serve a specific cause, the research will also be ensure that, in addition to the financial objectives outlined above, the information processes examined are compatible with the enhancing of the message that charities need to communicate. This will be applied to both the potential and recipient of their services.The research itself will use a mixture of data to address the research question. This will include reference to the extensive range of financial statements which are available from private charity websites or the Charities Commission (2008) online resources, although except a sample of these reports will be utilised. To address the issues and concerns of the individual charities more directly, individual interviews will be conducted with a number of representatives from this sector.1.3 OverviewThe vigilance and presentation of the research paper has followed a logical format. Chapter two presents a refresh of active literature that is available and that relates to the issues being communicate by the researcher. This includes publications and comments by academics, skipper observers and former(a) interested stakeholders. Following this faultfinding palingenesis, in chapter three it is intended to concentrate upon the methodology that has been applied to this project. It will provide an overview of the available methods and the reasons for the method that has been adopted in this instance. Chapter f our provides the in-depth results of the research findings, both that which has been gathered from simple and secondary resources and these will be analysed and proveed in more detail in chapter five. Finally, the research project will reach a conclusion in chapter six and, where considered feasible and appropriate, the researchers recommendations will be presented and explained.include at the end of this study, although separated from the main body of the study, will be additional information. This will include a biography of the non-homogeneous resources that confirm been referred to or used to assist with the development of the project. In addition, in machine-accessible appendices, information that is considered of further value in judgement the issues raised and the examinations undertaken, including the transcripts of interviews, thrust also been included.Chapter 2 Literature Review2.1IntroductionTo assess the issues of the charity use of online information technology, it is important to perform a critical review the existing literature that is available relating to various divisions. In this case that will include providing a brief understanding of the charity environment. In addition, it will include a review of the information technology processes and their advantages as well as the areas where charities have been found to have deficiencies either in the usage of these technologies or the extent to which they have availed themselves of the technology itself. The chapter has been sectioned in a manner that appropriately addresses these areas.2.2CharitiesAs many another(prenominal) academics have observed, in comparing with commercial organisations, the charity is a complex organisation, not least because of its expression and mode of operations (Wenham et al 2004, Hussey and Perrin 2003 and James 1983). There are even different to the otherwise types of non-profit organisations referred to by Hackler and Saxton (2007), such(prenominal)(pr enominal)(prenominal) as those that are often form for regulating the decisions and objectives of various parts of nation and international governmental policies. An example of these would be the various organisations that have been set up in the UK to deal with the reduction of carbon emissions such as The Carbon Trust.The differences referable to the charity organisation can be observed in many areas of the operation. For a start one of the main intentions that is needed for the organisation to change as a charity is for it to have a non-profit making objective (Hurray and Perrin 2003). Secondly, its mission that in the corporate sense would be classed as strategical objective is directed to the service of the external stakeholder or user (Hussey and Perrin 2003). In other words, where the purpose of the commercial organisation is to achieve financial victory that will enable it to return additional value to the shareholders and potential investor, the charitys financial aim is to utilise its funds specifically for the benefit of those whose demands and needs it is intending to address. Often, because of the break-even requirement, the charity will take on projects that are of no immediate benefit, provided will have the effect of helping them to pay other, more graduate(prenominal)ly valued activities (James 1983, p.351).Another difference in organisational processes is that the charity revenues generating activities relies heavily upon the volunteer donor (Wenham et al 2004), thence making it nasty to predict. In addition, this places constraints upon administrative expenditure in areas such as computers and other modern equipment (Sargeanr and Jay 2004). Furthermore, because of the purpose of the charity and the need to concentrate its expenditure upon projects that are determined within its mission statement, together with the fact that funds whitethorn be limited, many charities are heavily reliant upon the efforts of voluntary employees. leg ion(predicate) of these employees might have limited knowledge of the operable processes that are required for an efficient organisation, which can be a disadvantage (Galaskiewicz et al 2006, p.338). This is particularly true if there is a sizable organisation to manage.Irrespective of these differences, to bear true to its mission statement and stated aims, e precise charity console has to create a dodge that allows it to address three specific operational procedures. These are the maximisation of incoming funds, minimising administrative costs to ensure the recipients of its objectives, in terms of projects and services, receive the maximum benefit and effective marketing, which is designed to tear donors and service users (Wenham et al 2004). Therefore, it is important for the charity to be organised in terms of its mission, which means having the right strategies in place (Hussey and Perrin 2003, p.215 and 218) and assessing their appropriateness. As Hackler and Saxton (200 7) acknowledge, it is in these areas that the use of information technology can be considered.All charities have to be registered with the Charities Commission (2008) irrespective of their size. An integral part if this registration is the need to provide regular financial statements whichHolistic Nurse Prescribing A chemise StudyHolistic Nurse Prescribing A Case StudyIntroduction1 the patient and their presenting symptoms.Mr Pickles presents an interesting, complex and therapeutically challenging problem. In internality he is a gentleman with multisystem pathology who presents with an almost incidental finding which he was clearly reluctant to discuss.It is a common finding amongst experienced health consider master copys that in any consultation it is the last 30 seconds which is the most important. As the patient stands up to go, there is the just while Im here wink when they can bring up an issue that really troubles them and may not be the real presented reason for the con sultation. In this evidence we shall discuss the various aspects of this power and the measures we can take to try to help him. (Parker and Lawton 2003)2.a holistic discernment of the pt, including any relevant medical social and mental issues.If we start with the sign presenting symptom under discussion the impotence it is easier to work backwards from that to discuss the possible pathophysiology that can be relevant.Impotence is said to occur whenever the young-begetting(prenominal) fails to get an erection when it is required. This, in itself is neither unusual nor necessarily pathological. It becomes a significant symptom when the manly repeatedly fails to get an erection that is qualified for intercourse. It is quite possible to get full spontaneous erections and yet unflustered be impotent. This is one of the study diagnostic features that distinguishes the psychogenic impotence from the stringently physical. (Ackerman MD, Carey MP. 1995)There are a number of obv ious physical causes of erect dysfunction that are relevant to Mr Pickles (see on), but equally there are a number of possible psychogenic causes that may be either primary factors or possibly secondary contributory factors in the aetiology of his problems.The fact that he has recently undergone major(ip) cardiac surgery is a very relevant factor. Patients will frequently suffer from a major change in body perception when they have come to a close realisation of their own mortality. If we add to this the fact that, as the major breadwinner in the family, it is likely that Mr Pickles would have felt a major bollix to his self-esteem when he was made redundant from a responsible high esteem job and forced to become a taxi driver with long working hours. This is quite apart from the anxiety and fatigue that such a job would engender.(Beck J. 1995)It is possible that the medication that Mr Pickles is taking may have a bearing on his erectile dysfunction as the manful erection is dependent on the hydrostatic push of the prodigal for its maintenance. all medication that reduces the average blood atmospheric pressure, will effectively reduce the electrical capacity to acquire and maintain an erection. In addition to this the adrenergic beta-blocker group will also selectively block the sympathetic pathways that are vital to the neurovascular control of the mechanisms of erection.Pathophysiology of diabetes and impotenceBoth of these topics are immense subjects, so in this essay we will restrict out considerations to those aspects which are relevant to Mr Pickles and his problems.We know that Diabetes Mellitus affects closely 2% of the UK population with a specifically higher incidence in both the Asian and Afro-Caribbean communities(Nathan 1998). There is also a marked transmissible component in the development of Diabetes Mellitus.Mr Pickles has showcase II diabetes mellitus which is associated with a number of factors including a high BMI and increa sing age. At 56 yrs. old he is currently at the peak incidence age for Type II diabetes mellitus (Gregg et al. 2003).Diabetes Mellitus is known to be associated with a number of complications. The prevalence and incidence of the complications, in general, tends to increase with the length of time that the patient has been diabetic. There is also an nonsymbiotic variable for complications that is directly proportional to the compass point of control (as measured by the HbA1 levels). In general terms, the better the control the lower the incidence of complications (Kissebah et al. 1999)As far as Mr Pickles is concerned, there are two major complications of Type II diabetes mellitus that are directly linked with impotence and they are cardio-(macro)vascular distemper and neuropathy. (Wagner et al. 1998)We can deduce that Mr Pickles has macrovascular disease by virtue of the fact that he his recovering from a CABG. And this may well be a very relevant factor in his erectile dysfuncti on but also there is the question of neuropathy which typically occurs in about 2.4% of the general population, but this figure rises to above 8% in the diabetic patient over the age of 60 yrs. ( Hughes 2002)Impotence tends to occur, in varying degrees, in about 10-15% of men under 40 yrs. Its incidence increases with age to the extent that 40% of men at the age of 40 yrs report a degree of impotence and this prevalence rises to 70% at the age of 70 yrs. (Gregoire 1999).If we add to this basic clinical picture the fact that there are other factors such as hypertension, smoking, cardiac neurosis, loss of self-confidence, depression and iatrogenic causes (medication etc.) all of which may well be relevant to Mr Pickles, then it can be seen that there are a plethora of potential causes of his erectile dysfunction. (Barnes, DE. 2004)Both of the first two causes (hypertension and smoking) are independent risk factors for impotence, quite apart for the fact that they are also risk factors for the development of the macrovascular complications of Diabetes Mellitus (Bowering 2001)Mr Pickles diabetic state has been recently well controlled (HbA1 of 6.5%). This is important as the incidence of development of diabetic complications is reduced by between 34-76% (depending on the particular study) for every 10% reduction in the average HbA1 reading. (Bowering 2001).In addition to all of these considerations, atherosclerosis is also a major complication of Type II diabetes mellitus, which, presumably is relevant to Mr Pickles because of his CABG, and this may be a major factor in the development of his erectile dysfunction.Management plan 3.a plan/strategy based on critical understanding of physiological and pharmaceutical issues.Any focus plan must firstly be based on an veracious diagnosis. At this point in time we do not have this luxury. As we have discussed, there are anyone of a huge number of possibilities in the aetiology of Mr Pickles erectile dysfunction problem .When confronted with a problem such as this, any experienced healthcare headmaster may fairly chose to manage the problem by making a rational notion of the probabilities of any one particular cause being relevant. Implicit in such a management strategy is the fact that there are some causes that my be correctable (iatrogenic, psychological, and life style related) and there are some that may not (macrovascular damage, neuropathy and atherosclerosis).It is reasonable, in such circumstances, to discuss the situation openly with Mr Pickles and discuss with him the various treatment options. Patient formerisation and program line is a vital strategy to adopt in circumstances such as this as Mr Pickles is far more likely to comply and respond if he understands the rationale behind the treatment plan.(Howe and Anderson 2003)We would suggest that an appropriate strategy would be to ab initio tackle the situation on two fronts. The psychological aspects of the erectile dysfunction are probably best discussed with an experienced psychologist or councillor who has expertise in this particular area.This is important because there is a considerable skill in eliciting the relevant factors from the patient. Many patients are speechless about talking openly about their imitate sexual elaborate and there has to be a careful build up of dedicate and empathy on both sides. Factors such as good eye reach out and a non-judgemental body stance are essential on the part of the healthcare professional if the optimal result is to be obtainedNot only can the issues that are relevant be explored, but also any one of a number of psychological treatment techniques can be employed. This is a matter of considerable clinical judgement and skill and therefore probably best done by an experienced healthcare professional in that area.The pharmaceutical area can also be addressed as Atenolol is clearly not the best anti hypertensive to use as, not only will it reduce the blood pres sure (which it clearly is important to do) but it also produces a counter fertile beta-blockade which will not help the erectile dysfunction problem.The difficulty is that, after the CABG, Atenolol does have a degree of action on the prohibition of ectopic electrophysiological foci in the myocardium which is a recognised complication of the procedure. It also is archetype to have a cardioprotective effect post-myocardial infarction. It is probably a good root word to change his anti-hypertensive medication, but in the circumstances, it is probably better to seek the advice of the functional team who performed the CABG. before making the transition.The question of sildenafil citrate has been raised by Mr Pickles. This is not as true forward as it might initially appear. Viagra has been shown to work well in these circumstances. It has the downside that it allows sexual intercourse which is associated with increase peaks of blood pressure. As Mr Pickles is still in the postoper ative recovery word form (16 weeks) it would again be sensible to consult with the surgical team as to their advice on the issue.The other problem with Viagra is that if it transpires that the long term aetiology is actually psychological rather than purely physical, then the prescription of Viagra will often breed a feeling of psychological dependency which may firstly be both inappropriate and unnecessary and secondly, very hard to break. It is probably therefore inappropriate to consider such options at this stage in the management.4.legal and professional accountability should be discussed.The legal and professional issues are gargantuanly covered in the making of a management plan. In any area of professional competence, the best defence against comment or censure, is the fact that a healthcare professional works from a rational evidence-based plan. It is for this reason that we have set out the rational and cogitate for the plan that we have chosen to adopt. It is actuall y quite permissible (legally) for a healthcare professional to be wrong on any attached issue, as long as they have come to a effectual and rational decision based on the facts that were placed before them. And behaved in a way that the majority of their professional colleagues believe is reasonable in the circumstances. It is, of course, central to these considerations, that all actions are carefully and fully recorded in the patients notesPrescribing decisions5.a critical discussion of influences on prescribing decisions.The area of prescribing for Mr Pickles is clearly important. To some extent, we have covered the reasoning behind the change of prescription earlier in this essay. There is a common misconception amongst many members of the public (and indeed many of the less experienced healthcare professionals) that the solution to every problem comes in the form of tablets on a prescription. The whole area of patient empowerment and reading is often filled with issues of lif estyle change, healthy living, self care and positive thinking which can frequently be more effective that precisely giving the patient a prescription. (Boule NG et al. 2001)In the circumstance of the NHS, it is a common observation that sometimes a prescription is presumption because it is the most expedient short-term measure in a disposed situation, (Dawes RM et al. 1974), however, time invested in an explanation to a patient as to wherefore other measures might be equally as important is seldom time wasted., (Corrigan B. 1974)Future management 6.consider your upcoming prescribing activity based on experience gained from this case study.In any professional area of activity, the author likes to use the mechanism of reflective practice to allow a critical judging of a past course of action to modify future actions when faced with a similar situation. (Gibbs, G 1988)On careful condemnation of this case, I believe that I may have acted rather headfirst in stopping the Atenol ol as a first choice. On reflection, I believe that the Atenolol did need to be changed for any one of a number of other anti-hypertensive agents but I feel that, in retrospect, I would have been wiser to take advice from the surgical team before I made that decision.Further reflection and discussion with other healthcare professionals (Marks-Moran move up 1996), suggested that another appropriate course of action would have been to stop the antihypertensive medication altogether for a short period.This is on the grounds that his hypertension was not severe and was hitherto well controlled. If the erectile dysfunction was simply a reflection of the fact that the medication was holding his blood pressure down to a level where erection could not easily occur, a few days off the medication may allow a transient increase in his blood pressure to the point that erection could occur. As long as one was careful to monitor his blood pressure to ensure that it did not rise too far, I have been advised that this would represent a reasonable therapeutic trial to depict whether the underlying causes were mainly physical or physiological.(Wagner G et al 1998). On the face of it, this does seem reasonable but I believe that I would have to take further advice before I was fully satisfactory with that decision.It follows from what has already been discussed, that I also feel that I may have been too quick to consider the pharmacological interventions before making a complete holistic assessment of the patient. There are clearly a number of lifestyle adjustments that may be relevant here such as weight loss and increasing exercise and looking for a new focus in life (to minimise any element of depression) which would be comparatively easy to achieve with appropriate empowerment and education of the patient. (Funnell R et al 2004)All in all, this is not a straight forward case. There are many elements which require careful and considered assessment. I believe that it is on e of those cases that helps to point out that although there is a huge emphasis to be placed on modern scientific understanding and application of medical principles, there is also a very large element of human understanding and caring that is so very important to the successful management of patients such as Mr Pickles (Waterlow J. 1998)ReferencesAckerman MD, Carey MP. 1995Psychologys role in the assessment of erectile dysfunction historical precedents, current knowledge and methods.J chaffer Clin Psychol 1995 63 862-87Barnes, Darryl E. 2004Action Plan for DiabetesCopyright 2004 ISBN 0736054596 Pub. Human Kinetics Illinois ground forcesBeck J. 1995Hypoactive sexual desire disorder an overview.J Consult Clin Psychol 1995 63 915-927.Boule NG, Haddad E, Kenny GP, et al. 2001Effects of exercise on glycemic control and body cud in type 2 diabetes mellitus a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trials.JAMA 20012861218-27Bowering (2001)Diabetic home ulcers. Pathophysiology, assessment , and therapy. Can Fam Physician. 2001 May471007-16.Dawes RM, Corrigan B. 1974Linear models in decision making.Psychol dump 19748195-106.Funnell, and Robert M. Anderson, (2004)Empowerment and Self-Management of DiabetesClinical Diabetes 22123-127, 2004Gibbs, G (1988)Learning by doing A guide to Teaching and Learning methods EMU Oxford Brookes University, Oxford. 1988Gregg, R. B. Gerzoff, C. J. Caspersen, D. F. Williamson, and K. M. V. Narayan (2003)Relationship of walking to Mortality Among US Adults With DiabetesArchives of Internal Medicine, June 23, 2003 163(12) 1440 1447.Gregoire 1999 ABC of sexual health Assessing and managing male sexual problems BMJ, January 30, 1999 318(7179) 315 317.Howe and Anderson 2003 Involving patients in medical education BMJ, Aug 2003 327 326 328.Hughes RAC. 2002 Regular review Peripheral neuropathy BMJ, Feb 2002 324 466 469.Kissebah AH, Freedman DS, Peiris AN. 1999Health risks of obesity.Med Clin North Am 1999 73 111-138Marks-Moran go up 199 6Reconstructing Nursing Beyond Art and ScienceLondon Balliere Tindall October, 1996Nathan D. (1998)Some answers, more controversy, from UKPDS.Lancet 1998 352 832-833.Parker and Lawton 2003 Psychological contribution to the understanding of adverse events in health care Qual. Saf. Health Care, Dec 2003 12 453 457.Wagner G, Seanz de Tejada I. 1998Update on male erectile dysfunction.BMJ 1998 316 678-682Waterlow J. (1998)Prevention is better than cure.Nurs Times 1988 84 69-70Appendix

Stress is a rising concern in corporate world

Stress is a rising tinct in corporate worldStress is a rising restore in corporate world. In fact, repeat join on in c being of hightail iters in global economies experiencing a rise in reverseplace strive. concord to survey by Northwestern National Life One-fourth of employees treat their byplays as the number one latent hostilityor in their lives. Job life is the close important part of employee life except on other submit it is one of the key reason of accentuate. Job atmosphere contain with combative nature that why people in the world be to a prominenter extent than center in achieving capriole contact up goals and ignoring the stressors which influencing their plow and life. (Ahsan, Abdullah, Gun Fie, Alam, 2009).Due to stress an administration terminate suffer serious crisis much(prenominal) as decrease in employee productivity, increase in employee turn everyplace, inferior motivation levels and augment among employee deviations. The main objec t of this denomination is establish a comparative digest on employee characteristics versus utilizationing conditions and identifies the primary suffer of clientele stress.Most researchers return the same opinion on certain factor highly trying in work environment for example organizational culture and exploit move be stressful collectible to wretched communication, lack of nurse in problem resolving and high pick offment failure in defining organizational goals lead to stress. Under or over promotion, poor pay, nature of job causes stress regarding employee personal career development. If management fails to notice the employee employments in organization then parting equivocalness and intent mesh generate stress. Lack Interpersonal relationships at work, fighting in demands work to home and work constipate also multiply the stress consequence on employee (European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2002)There is double Job condition that may lead to stre ss. Long working hours, peculiar rest break, hectic and routine t shoots in shift works, lack in employee skill utilization little sense of control at work place these all work condition seat be categorise in design of task which leads to stress. Management Style posterior causes stress for example lack of employee participation decision making, poor communication hierarchy in the organization, excessively tight controls by the managers creates detrimental stress among the employees. discourage organization environment, lesser amount of support from coworkers and deficiency in providing help by supervisors stretchs the interpersonal relationships and increase the chances of stress. Role surcharge with suspicious job expectations and too much work to home obligation creates stress which leads to habit conflict. Rapid changes in political, frugal and technology extend stress and increase job insecurity and jamming the opportunity for employee development.Symptoms of bodi ly stress are headaches or backaches, muscle tension, diarrhea or constipation, nausea, dizziness, Insomnia, Chest pain, rapid heartbeat, charge gain or loss, skin breakouts (hives, eczema), Loss of sex drive and public colds. (The Texas AM University System, U.S. Department of Agriculture, and the County Commissioners Courts of Texas Cooperating, 2009) Signs and symptoms of stress support also be caused by other psychological and medical problems. The prime focus of this article is to invest employee behavioral symptoms during stress and how they shanghai employee physiological wellbeing. Employee behavioral symptoms during stress screwing be define as increased absenteeism, tardiness, and intentions by workers to quit their jobs-all of which contain a negative effect on organizational coiffeance.If the role in an organization is not clear or unclear boundaries of responsibility delinquent to this situation interpersonal friction betwixt the persons involved. Unfortunatel y, the conflict often categorizes as interpersonal conflict rather than role conflict, and resolution is then complicate and mis carryed. (Fisher, c. 1977, Rev. 1985, 2000.)Role conflict is a type of social conflict it is delinquent to when an exclusive being require to perform to a greater extent than one role and these role are highly incompatible from each others. In individual case a person responsibility is being torn between multiple roles with in organization or groups or alfresco the organization. When an employee has to pass out multiple management roles with in one department it can case conflict between supervisor and co-worker roles.In diary role conflict occur due to overlapping of responsibility and obligations to variant group. With an organization point of view role conflict can be define, when individual employee have to perform numerous conflicting responsibilities. Role conflict can also be build up within organization boundaries, when employees require t o generating more production and on other hand managers demands supervisors for more improve quality controls. Responsibility of results, without sufficient skill to achieve surreal verifiables leads to role conflict.Employee life can also suffer from work to family role conflict which reduces the organizational commitment. Increase competitive pressures on organizations for increase conclusions and requiring more while for workforce results in less time available for the employees to be with their families. Finding indicates that there was a major contribution of work-family role conflictto organizational commitment. (Akintayo, 2010)Work-family role conflict generates due to various reasons and these can be unique to each individual situation. Source for Work-family Role conflict can be time-related, strain-related or behavior-related and the outcome of role conflict can be in shape of both psychologically and behaviorally stress. Employee feels guilt about expending less ti me at home due to work overload at work place, lack in social communication with co-workers at work place or family members at home. Work family conflict affects unenthusiastically employee work and family life quality. It is difficult for employee to carry out responsibility in work domain at the cost of neglecting responsibility and time at family domain.Employee inability to socialize due to work load, responsibility of results without sufficient authority and false objectives leads to stress with the outcome of role conflict effecting employee productivity. telecom perseverance in Pakistan has bespeakn rapid growth and proven its importance in economic growth. Many foreign investitures are being invested in Pakistan in telecom industry total of 1438.60 million US $ foreign direct investment in telecom sector in year 2007-08. GST/CED Collection from Telecom Sector is Rs. 44.53 billion in 2007-08. Telecom sector share in GDP is 2 % in 2005-06. (Pakistan Telecommunication Auth ority, 2009)Reason why employee veneer stress is due to nature of their job attending non-stop mobile calls, direct interaction with clients and achieving the target within limited time line deliver the employee stressful (Dollard, Dormann, Boyd, Winefield, Winefield, 2003). Employees have to produce quality through resolving the customer problems so they can remain satisfied while increasing the sum of money to reduce the cost by following preset standards. (Suri Rizvi, 2008)There is great rivalry among telecom companies in attempt to gain a large market share. Due to the enormous competition among different companies, employees are compel to increase productivity and domiciliate better quality under unrealistic quality controls. This is the ideal situation where stress can easily generates and cause its negative effect on employee productivity. The nature of call center job also posses necessary ingredients which are identify by the scholars for role conflict.This article pr ovides the information how an employee effect by stress which cases role conflict.Another objective is to identification of key factor which cases stress, role conflict and their relationship with employee productivity. examination relationship among these factors and there outcome with the help of quantitative tools.This research can provide benefits to company owners, CEO, managers and supervisors, how they can develop the stress free work culture. It can also be use as a draw in line in prevention and control of the causes of job stress and role conflict. The outcome of this research can be low employee turnover, reduction in workplace conflict and increase in productivity. Organization can reduce the relate of stressors by minimize the role conflict and role ambiguity by developing such policies which gave employee more authority, so they can perform their work activities.Stress affects the performance of employees for last three decades comprehensive work has been done in th is regard. The source and outcome of stress are dissimilar in every individual case that why its hard to held responsibility of stress on few stressors. Rising development and expansion in markets and businesses establish the need for more research on stress, how work related stressor effect performance and predict the effect of workplace stressor. Researchers are bemoan to build up intervention designed which reduces the possible negative impact of stressor on job performance. (Gilboa, Fried, Shirom, Cooper, 2008).Study has point out the following acquainted(predicate) sources of job stress with in organizational environment which can affect employee wellbeing. Role ambiguity is the vague categorization of rite, duties, responsibility and limitation that learn employees job. Work relationships such as employee relationship with its coworkers and mangers. Employee communication gap with its coworkers can cause stress. Employees feels that they have proper training, resources, eq uipment and tools to perform their task. Career advancement refers to employee expectations and prospects to growth within organization. Lack of opportunity in growth increases the stress. Insecurity of losing job and uncertainty about the future also cultivate stress. Lack in decision making, authority and control at work sturdily tally with stress. Work-home interface also cause the stress, when work responsibility spill over with employee home life. This can create complexity in employee relationship outside the work specially when employee experiencing lack of social support. Workload refers to when employees are uneffective to produce or fulfill the work necessary according to what is ask to them. When employees are expected to perform more with in limited time or resources allocate to them, in the result employee experience stress at workplace. Compensation and benefits gives employee the feeling of self-worth and their value to the organization. The nature and structure of job can cause stress job such as how much physical working is require, what would be the working conditions, how much challenging and experience would be drive from the job and type of tasks. (Coetzee Villiers, 2010).Work-related factors can be formulate due to work over load when job is requiring more output and attending in limited duration or underutilization of employees skills and they start feeling that their acquaintance and experience is ignore and wasted. When employee starting to realize that his job is boring or tedious. (Green, et al., 1995). Job or role ambiguity creates stress when job requirement are not formally designed and worker are uncertain about their responsibilities and duties. (Beehr, 1985).Role ambiguity negatively correlated with employee creativity but role conflict when mediate by self-efficacy show unconditional link with employee creativity. Future more self-efficacy and job satisfaction provide weak mediators link between role conflicts. Converse ly lone job satisfaction provide weak mediator link between role ambiguity and creativity. (Tang Chang, 2010)Employee has to manage the numerous roles at the same time. Whenever time dedicated at work make difficult to fulfill his family roles requirements then work to family conflict generates and the outcome of this conflict is stress. (Greenhaus Beutell, 1985)Employee has to develop their nonrecreational skills in order to meet the ever-changing requirement due to advancements in technology. In the absence of advance association individual feels job insecurity. These technological advancements make the workplace more complicate and stressful. (Tse, 2010)In service provider occupation lack in professional aspect (autonomy, client satisfaction and collegiality) and greater Bureaucratic Conditions (formalization and reutilization) leads to work overload and role conflict which is correlate with unmet expectation. Higher unmet expectation linked with higher job stress. Unmet expe ctations play important role in organizational-professional conflict because in bureaucratic structure organizations employees consider that their skills and abilities are being run over which harms employee expectations and case stress. (Lait Wallace, 2002)Individual with strong internal locus of control are less effect by work stress as equality the one with an external locus of control. Support from coworkers and supervisors are beneficial in reducing workload stressors. Work stress is positive correlated with effect and resource is negatively correlated with depression. Resource consider as a coworker and supervisor lend a hand in workload and strength the individual internal locus of control. Supervisor support narrowed pop out the prediction for role conflict. (Stanley, Muramatsu, Heller, Hughes, Johnson, Valles, 2010)In Meta analysis seven stressors have been determine (job performance role ambiguity, role conflict, role overload, job insecurity, work-family conflict, en vironmental uncertainty, and situational constraints) and they show negative correlation with job performance. Investigation of moderators relationship is highly negative correlated with role overload with performance in managers as canvas with subordinates. (Gilboa, Fried, Shirom, Cooper, 2008) Autonomy at work reduce the role conflict and positive link with job satisfaction (R u y t e r, W e t z e l s, F e i n b e r g, 2001). The consequences of stress within organization are increase turnover, absenteeism and employee low productivity.Employee productivity is link up with work environment .Employer should articulate work environment in such manner that the challenging task can be accomplish in a productive way. Encouraging work environment motivate employees and deadly working conditions contribute to low productivity of employees. (Taiwo, 2010)

Vocabulary Learning Strategies

Vocabulary acquire StrategiesRelated researches in chinaw arIn China, researches on students instruction flargons suck in attracted a lot of researchers to this bea. The most astounding researches argon conducted by Wang Churning (1988) and Hu Xiaoqiong (1997). Employing Reids perceptual eruditeness Style orientation Questionnaire (PLSP), Wang Churning (1988) conducted a full-grown scale research in Guangdong University of remote Studies. The participants were 490 position major students from freshmen to senior students. Four conclusions were made from his findings firstly, individual unlikeness of learn styles did exist among English major students. The most favored style was tactual nurture style and group accomplishment style the least(prenominal) favored aid basely, the length of study time could affect students study styles and students from distinct grades had the tendency of presenting antithetical erudition style preference thirdly, there were big si milarities of fellowship styles shown by male and female students fin all in ally, schooling styles were related to the acquirement achievements and visual discipline style was always preferred by students who have low English proficiency of harkening and reading.Hu Xiaoqiong (1997) besides occupied Reids Perceptual study Style PreferenceQuestionnaire (PLSP), with some modifications, to conduct research on 236 students of English major, from freshmen to juniors. His findings further proved Wangs research finding that students preferred tactile training style most during their breeding work on. Apart from this, he also stated that students of English major preferred multi-dimensional encyclopaedism styles instead of a single angiotensin converting enzyme.Adopting Keef and Monk Learning Style Profile, Yu Xinle (1997) tested 149 students of English study from three universities in Beijing. gibe to his findings, no correlational statistics could be assemble amid in formation style preference and gender difference, and no satisfying breeding style preference existed between male and female students. However, sequential learning styles and memory learning styles had significant correlation with English learning achievements.From the researches mentioned above, it could be concluded that researches on learning styles are relatively a few(prenominal) and almost all the researches are conducted among English major students, and researches on perceptual learning styles of non-English major students are extensively lacking. Therefore, further researches of perceptual learning styles are extremely need to be conducted and explored in great percentage point to non-English major students for their learning style preference.Chapter 3 Literature re debate on learning strategiesThe importance of learning organization as the key shifting to square up individual learning difference in the acquisition of punt style area is a topic that has drawn the attention of researchers worldwide. The adjacent view of literature will present a brief report of learning dodging from the mid- 1970s to the present.Background of learning strategiesTeachers and researchers have immense noticed the fact that only seeking for the perfect teaching models cannot evidence the success of students terminology learning. Under the same oral talk input, not all the students can achieve the same success as others some students obviously learn better than others. Learning is a dickens-way communication. Teachers and students need to cash in ones chips together. Neither of them can make the final success of oral communication learning with the neglect of the other. Oxford (1990) clearly states that research interest has been shifted from what students learn or accomplish to how students gain speech communication, that is to say, from the product or outcome of learning and acquisition to the mould of learning and acquisition. In a word, the focus has shifted from teachers to prentices, and from learning and teaching results to learning and teaching processes.Researches on learning scheme have started from the mid-1970s abroad. Since then, a great build of researchers have pay back int. ested in this area. Researchers, such(prenominal) as Oxford Nyikos (1989), OMalley Chamot (1990), Oxford (1990), sebaceous cystden (1991), Nyikos Oxford (1993), Sa-ngiam (1994), Ehrman Oxford (1995), Eugene (2001), Nisbet (2002), Griffiths (2003) and so on, have guided the dodging research linealion and have greatly contri simplyed to the theory development. Their general research focus includes studies on learning strategies employed by technical or successful lecture learners, studies on learning dodging definitions and categorisations, studies on influencing variables on learning schema use and on the cover of learning strategy theories to spoken language learning and teaching. With the development of strategy researc hes, classifications of learning strategies have been constantly enriched and perfected. Rubin (1975) first, and shortly after, Stern (1975) publish their studies on the learning of good or successful indorse language learners, which starts the mod threshold of research in second language acquisition (Cited by Oxford, 1990). On the basis of previous researches, Freeman (1991) briefly points out that good language learners have the characteristics of willingness and accuracy and have a strong swear to communicate even at the risk of appearing foolish. They also accept attention to language form and meaning in their conversation. Moreover, they reading and manage their own speech and speech of others. In the 1990s, researches on learning strategies have achieved great success. OMalley Chamot (1990) and Oxford (1990) propose to a greater extent(prenominal) than impressive classifications of learning strategies that have light-emitting diode to a spate of significant researches in this field. Wenden (1991) outlines the schema of learning strategies that includes cognitive strategies (selecting input, comprehending input, storing input, and retrieving input) and self-management strategies (planning, observe, and evaluating). Cohen (1998) identifies that strategies consist of language learning strategies and language use strategies and states that the two strategies are the processes apprisedly selected by learners and can enhance students learning with the storage, retention, recall, and application of randomness.Another interesting topic related to learning strategies is strategy learning. diametric names have existed for the application of strategy use to learning, such as learner training, learning-to-learn training, learner methodology training, and methodological initiation for learners. OMalley Chamot (1990) state that learning strategies are not the preserve of highly capable individuals and could be larn by others. Oxford (1990) also emphas izes the teachability of learning strategies. Their views have laid the foundation of strategy training programs. Currently, umpteen researchers are devoting themselves to designing and executing strategy training programs, especially for inexperienced learners.Definitions of diverse strategiesStrategiesThe concept of strategy derives from the Greek terminal strategia which way of life generalship or the art of war. In nonmilitary settings, it means a plan, step, or intended action toward achievement of an objective (Oxford, 1990). Researchers, such as OMalley Chamot (1990), Oxford (1990), Wenden (1991), Ellis (1994), and Cohen (1998), have contributed greatly to the development and application of learning strategy theories. However, in educational settings, it has been variously described as fuzzy (Ellis, 1994), no consensus (Wenden, 1991), and conflicting views (Cohen, 1998). Certainly, a brief review of literature will picture the plethora of different terms for strategy, such as techniques, tactics, potentially conscious plans and so on.There is little consensus regarding what a strategy is. Defining strategy is a difficult labour and each definition will flummox the controversial views easily. Researchers always emphasize this or that aspect of learning strategies when description the definition. For example, Brown (1994) holds the view that strategies are referred to as particular methods of approaching a problem or task, modes of operation for achieving a particular end, or be after designs for controlling and manipulating certain tuition. However, Ellis (1994) proposes that strategies consist of psychical or behavioral drill related to some specific arcdegree in the overall process of language acquisition or language use. Cohen (1998) specialises strategies as the process consciously selected by learners. From the above definitions, it could be noticed that Brown tends to define strategies dear as behavioral actions. However, Ellis em phasizes both the mental and behavioral aspects. Cohen mainly focuses on the element of consciousness when rendering the definition, which is not mentioned by Brown and Ellis. The generator would like to define strategies as both mental and behavioral actions consciously selected by learners when solving the problems in this study.Learning strategies and language learning strategiesLearning strategies have considerable potential for enhancing the process of learners language learning and religious service learners know how to learn more meaningfully, successfully and automatically. Same problems exist when researchers define learning strategies. Different researchers emphasize different aspects of learning strategies. For example, Weinstein Mayer (1986) hold the view that learning strategies are the behaviors and thoughts that a learner engages in during learning which are intended to influence the learners encoding process (Cited by Ellis, 1994) however, Oxford (1990) expands th e definition as specific actions taken by the learner to make learning faster, more enjoyable, more self-directed, more effective, and more transferable to new situations Cohen (1998) defines it as the conscious thoughts and behaviors utilise by learners with the explicit goal of improving their knowledge and discretion of a target language. phrase learning strategies are language specific. indeed the writer of this study is more likely to define learning strategies as behavioral and mental actions consciously selected by learners during learning process. And language learning strategies are behavioral and mental actions consciously selected by learners during language learning process.Classifications of learning strategiesDifferent scholars classify learning strategies from different angles and a large number of classifications exist. In the following part, the more complete and elaborate classifications will be discussed, including OMalley Chamots and Oxfords classifications .OMalley Chamots classificationOMalley Chamots classification is based on information impact theory and draws on the work of cognitive psychologists who introduces and develops the concepts of declarative and procedural knowledge. for the most part speaking, declarative knowledge can be described as a agreeable of factual information which is stored in the mind and is related to the skepticism of what they are and procedural knowledge is about checking rules and is associated with the question of how to do. OMalley Chamots research start set ups a rationale and approach in cognitive theory for discussing learning strategies in second language acquisition. Cognitive theory has explained adequately how information is stoizd in memory and what processes are entailed in learning. It states that learning strategies are stored in peoples mind in the form of declarative or procedural knowledge. In cognitive theory, learning strategies are represented as complex cognitive skills t hat follow the same general rules as other forms of procedural knowledge. Learning strategies begin as declarative knowledge and gradually go through associative, and autonomous stages with practice and experience. Cook (1993) further explains this by utilizeAndersons three developmental stages theory in second language acquisition firstly, in the declarative stage, intensive attention is involved to the new language and deliberate efforts are made to understand the new language secondly, in the digest stage, procedural knowledge is acquired and gradually less conscious attention is needed thirdly, the automatic processing like native speakers is finally formed. OMalley Chamot (1990) illustrate learning strategies as mental and socio-emotive processes, emphasizing learner interaction with the language in order to foster acquisition. They present three categories of learning strategies, including metacognitive, cognitive, and social/ affectional strategies.They point out that metac ognitive strategy encompasses executive process that mainly includes planning, monitoring and evaluating strategies. Planning is the strategy used by learners for organizing of the written or communicate discourses. Monitoring is the strategy used by learners for checking ones comprehension during the process of learning. And evaluating is the strategy used by learners for checking the outcomes of ones own language learning. Cognitive strategies involve the direct manipulation of materials to be learned. Strategies concerning cognitive strategy are mental or behavioral aspects. For example, learners can link new information to previously acquired concepts mentally or physically so that they can group the learning items in meaningful categories or summarize the important information. Other oft used cognitive strategies are resourcing, repetition, grouping, transfer and translation and so on. Social/ affective strategies are used when learners interact with other persons in order to helper their learning. For example, learners often ask questions for clarification or use some kinds of horny control to promote their learning.Oxfords classificationAlmost at the same time, Oxford (1990) offers more comprehensive and full-scale language learning classification. Her classification research on language learning strategies has great influence on second language acquisition. She makes a distinction between what she calls direct and verificatory strategies and explains the relationship between them by an analogy of a theatre. Direct strategies consist of memory, cognitive, and compensation strategies. This kind of strategies deals with the new language and is like the per author in a stage play who works with the language itself in a variety ofspecific tasks and situations. Indirect strategies hold metacognitive, affective, and social strategies and are compared as the director who takes the responsibleness for the general management of the play.Firstly, three typ es of direct strategies are discussed, including memory, cognitive, and compensation strategies. recollection strategies are learning strategies that help students store and retrieve new information and mainly include strategies, such as grouping or inferencing, creating mental linkages, and applying images and sounds. Cognitive strategies are strategies that enable learners to understand and produce new language by a variety of different means. Summarizing and reasoning deductively are examples of cognitive strategies. Additional examples includ practicing, receiving and sending messages, analyzing and reasoning, and creating structure for input and output. Compensation strategies are strategies that furnish learners to use the language despite their large gaps in knowledge base. stroke intelligently, using synonyms, and overcoming limitations in speaking and writing are included in this type of strategies. Secondly, indirect strategies include metacognitive strategies, affectiv e strategies and social strategies. Metacognitive strategies are language learning strategies, such as planning for language tasks and setting goals that get out a mechanism for individuals to coordinate their own learning process. Affective strategies are strategies that help learners gain control over emotions, attitudes, motivations, and values. To lower their anxiety, learners can listen to music or make positive statements or reward themselves to become high-spirited or try to take their emotional temperature to concentrate on their learning. Social strategies are strategies that involve interaction between and among learners. When they have schoolroom collaborative activities, learners could use social strategies to help them to obtain information they need, for example, strategies of asking questions, cooperating with others, and empathizing with others.The classification of learning strategies is still controversial. Oxfords classificatory system is different from OMalley Chamots, but there is similarity between them. For example, both of the two classifications include the family of metacognitive strategy which involves the process of thinking, planning, monitoring and evaluating.OMalley Chamots (1990) classification emphasizes more on metacognitive and cognitive strategies and lesser focus on social/affective strategies. In their classification, they provide cognitive theories to support the classification of their learning strategies. However, Oxfords classification is more comprehensive and offers six types of learning strategies with an emphasis both on direct and indirect functions of strategies. In addition, Oxfords classification addresses the social and affective components, which are less authentic in OMalley Chamots classification. Moreover, Oxfords classification system can be measured by her widely recognized Strategy Inventory for actors line Learning (SILL). For these reasons, Oxfords classification system and the accompanying s trategy inventory are more hold in the academic world and are always approved by researchers who are interested in this field.Related research in ChinaWen (2003) identifies two distinctive development stages of learning strategies in China. The two stages are respectively named as the budding stage and the full ontogenesis stage. The budding stage is from 1984 to 1992, and the full developing stage is from 1993 to 2003. In the former stage, Huang (1984) publishes her postgraduate dissertation An investigation of learning strategies in oral communication that Chinese EFL learners in China employ, which has laid the foundation of Chinese research on learning strategies. In the latter stage, a large number of researchers have made great contributions both in theory and practice in this field. It is worth noticing that researches of learning strategies in todays China have entered the easy age. In theoretical aspect, Wen (1996) has put forward the classification system of learning str ategies. She classifies strategies into two groups management strategies and language learning strategies. Management strategies comprise aim establishing, planning, strategy selecting, self-monitoring, self-evaluating and self-adjusting. Language learning strategies can be subdivided into handed-down and non-traditional strategies. Traditional language learning strategies consist of form-focused strategies, accuracy strategies, and using-mother tongue strategies. Non-traditional strategies are made up of meaning-focused strategies, fluency strategies and mother-tongue avoidance strategies. Based on her classification, many studies are conducted, such as Wen Qiufang and Wang Haixiao (1996a, 1996b), Wen Qiufang (1996c), Qin Xiaoging(1998) and the like. Wen and Wang (1996) conducted the relatively important research on sophomores of non-English majors and one of their research findings was that correlation existed between learners belief and their natural selection of learning str ategies.There are a large number of empirical studies on learning strategies in different language learning areas. For example, Wu Yian and Liu Runging (1993) investigated the psychology and social-psychology factors that affected students English language learning. According to the results of their studies, the strategy use had no effect on English achievements. Liu Shaolong(1996) chose 7 adult middle school teachers to investigate the influence of background knowledge on learning strategy choice in listening. After info analysis, he pointed it out that background knowledge did have great influence on the choice of strategy use in listening. Hou Songshan (1998) examined the effect of task types and gender difference towards the choice of communicative strategy use. His participants were sophomore students of English major from PLA Foreign Language College. His findings proved that task types could affect the choice of communicative strategy use. Males and females had different cho ice of communicative strategy use. Wu Xia Wang Qiang (1998) investigated strategy use on vocabulary learning. He conducted research on sophomore students of non-English major students in Beijing Normal Universities. According to their findings, metacognitive and cognitive strategies were frequently used by students when learning vocabulary. And good language learners employed more vocabulary learning strategies than those of bad language learners. Wang Yu (2002) conducted strategy research on sophomore students in Suzhou University. His research findings were that strategies, such as metacognitive, form-focused, meaning-focused, using-mother tongue, and social/affective strategies could account for students different listening abilities to a large extent. Thus, according to Wen (2003), all researches of learning strategies fall into two categoriesmacro and micro aspects. In macro-aspect, researches usually focus on the general situation of learners beliefs and learning strategies a nd in micro-aspect, researches often concentrate on the strategy use in different language learning areas, for example, strategies use in speaking, listening, reading and writing areas.ReferencesBrown, H. D. (1994). instruction by principles An interactive approach to language pedagogy. N.J. Prentice Hall.Brown, H. D. (1994). Principles of language learning and teaching (3rd). New York Pearson Hall Regents.Bailey, B. Onwuegbuzie, A. J. Daley, C. E. (2000). Using learning style to harbinger foreign language achievement at the college level. System, 1, 115-133.Cook, V. (1993). Linguistics and second language acquisition. United Kingdom Macmillan Publishers Ltd.Cohen, A. D. (1998). Strategies in learning and using a second language. New York Addison Wesley Longman.Decapua, A. Wintergerst, A. C. (2005). Assessing and validating a learning style instrument. System, 1, 1-16.Dunn, R. Griggs, S. A. (2000). Practical approaches to using learning styles in higher education. Westport, Co nn Bergin Garvey.Eliason, P. (1995). Difficulties with Cross-Cultural Learning Styles Assessment. In J. M. Reid (Ed.), Learning Styles in the ESL/EFL Classroom (pp. 19-33). capital of Massachusetts Heinle Heinle.Ellis, R. (1994). The study of second language acquisition. New York Oxford University Press.Ehrman, M. E., Oxford, R. L. (1995). Cognition Plus Correlates of Language Learning Success. The Modern Language Journal, 1, 67-89.Eugene, S. S. (2001). The relationship between learning style and cognitive style. System, 30, 609-616.Ehrman, M. Leaver, B. L. (2003). Cognitive styles in the service of language learning. System, 3, 393-415.Ehrman, M. E. Leaver, B. L. Oxford, R. L. (2003). A brief overview of individual differences in second language learning. System, 31, 313-330.Freeman, D. L., Long, M. H. (1991). An introduction to second language acquisition research. New York Longman.Griffiths, C. (2003). Patterns of language learning strategy use. System, 31, 367-383.Hauer, P. Straub, P. Wolf, S. (2005) Learning Styles of Allied Health Students Using Kolbs LSI. profound Journal 3.Johnson, K. (2001). An introduction to foreign language learning and teaching. South Asia Pearson instruction Limited.Lardner, T. (1989). Rethinking classrooms Perspectives on Teaching and Learning Styles. English Journal, 8, 88.Malinsky, M. (2001). Matched learning styles of teacher and student. Ann Arbor, Mich.UMI.Melton, C. D. (1990). A Study of Chinese Students Learning Style Preferences. RELC Journal,1, 29-44.Nyikos, M. Oxford, R. (1993). A Factor abstract Study of Language-learning Strategy UseInterpretations from Information-Processing Theory and SocialPsychology. The Modern Language Journal, 1, 11-12.Nam, C. Oxford, R. (1998). Portrait of a future teacher case study of learning styles, strategies, and language abilities. System, 26, 51-63.Numan, D. (1999). Second language teaching and learning. Boston Heinle Heinle.Nisbet, D. L. (2002). Language learning strate gies and English proficiency of Chinese university students. Ann Arbor, Mich UMI.Nelson, G. L. (1995). Cultural differences in learning styles. In J. M. ReO (Eds), Learning Styles in the ESL/EFL Classroom (pp. 3-18). Boston Heinle Heinle.Oxford, R. Nyikos, M. (1989). Variables affecting choice of language learning strategies by university students. The Modern Language Journal, 3, 291-300.OMalley, J. M., Chamot, A. U. (1990). Learning strategies in second language acquisition. New York Cambridge University Press.Oxford, R. (1990). Language learning strategies What every teacher should know. Boston Heinle Heinle.Reid, J. M. (1987). The Learning Style Preferences of ESL Students. TESOL Quarterly, 1, 87-111.Reid, J. M. (1995). Learning styles in the ESL/EFL classroom. Boston Heinle Heinle.Riding, R., Rayer, S. (1998). Cognitive styles and learning strategies. London David Fulton Publishers.Rossi-le, L. (1995). Learning Styles and Learning Strategies in Adult Immigrant. In J. M. Re id(Eds), Learning Styles in the ESL/EFL Classroom (pp. 118-125). Boston Heinle Heinle.Sa-ngiam, T. (1994). A comparison of language learning strategies of Thai university students in acquiring English proficiency. Ann Arbor, Mich UMI.Tian, F. (2003). A Research on Learning Style of Chinese English Learners and Its correlation with Learners Learning Strategies. unpublished masters thesis, Bei Hang University, BJ.Wenden, A. (1991). Learner strategies for learner autonomy Planning and implementing learner strategy training for language learners. N.J. Prentice Hall.Wintergerst, A. C. Decapua. A. Itzen, R. C. (2001). The construct validity of one learning instrument. System, 3, 385-403.

Teaching and Technology Essay -- Teaching Education Essays

Teaching and TechnologyTechnology is ever changing the ways in which we learn. There ar many different technologies, but the biggest, and closely recent is the very influential computing machine. Both in and out of the schoolroom computers impact the education of people around the world. In the beginning of the computer age, there were simple computers (very simple compared to now). The number one computers were so big that maven of them was the size of an entire room. As technology advanced, the computer became smaller and much popular. The smaller computers became part of everyday life. That is how the personal computer (PC) evolved, and spread thoughout the world. Schools did non have any real need for computers, when the personal computer first came out. Any typing that needed to be done was done on a typewriter. Even if schools did get computers, they did non have any teachers with the acquaintance to use them efficiently, let alone teach with on a computer. As compu ters became ever more popular, and their technology became more important in society, schools began use them in the classrooms. Having on a computer or two in the corner of on a classroom did not necessarily guarantee their successful use. Students may have used them to play games and type, but that was not an effective use of computers. Now, schools are becoming more technologically hip. computing machine classes have been brought into schools. Students are usually required to remove, at least, basic computer skills training classes. However, as of now, it is not required that high school students take any courses about the Internet and how it works with and for the student. The Internet was started by the coupled States Department of Defense in 1969 with four hosts the Unive... ...ieval, in the 1999-2000 school year, 17 percent of the school technology funds went towards teacher training. Although the numbers are rising, teachers need more than just a quick course in technol ogy. They need skills and knowledge, not just a little knowledge. The Internet is not a panacea for every problem in education. We need to be realistic. But we also must realize that the Internet is a spear that can help us empower every student and foster each individual to new levels of intellectual capacity and skill. That is the great hazard of this new technology. 1. http//interact.hpcnet.org/webcommission/ProfessionalDevelopment.htm 2. http//www.geocities.com/Athens/5461/paper_1.html (Guillermo E. Pedroni) 3. http//www.ceofrm.org/history.cfm 4. http//interact.hpcnet.org/webcommission/Section_1.htm 5. http//www.rtec.org/nr_tec.html

Alternate Energy Sources :: essays papers

Alternate Energy SourcesWINDMILLS The reason why I chose to do a project on bring up submarine sandwichs is beca hold I would always drive break through to Palm Springs and I would see these huge things that looked wish well something out of a star wars movie. When I got closer to them I realized what they were. They were windmills. Once I knew what they were I wanted to know what they did, my mom told me that they offer up heartiness. Windmills atomic number 18 made of parts such as the rooter electric generator, furthercontrol system and the tower. When there is a large group of windmills, they are calledwind farms. Wind farms are located in deserts. Because wind mill farms are usually in thedesert the heftiness has a commodious way to travel to get to a town. Some advantages to the windmill is that its a renewable source of energy and its very cheap, the energy that comes will never run out because the sun gives off convection currents which the energy from windmil ls will never run out. A nonher great thing just about the wind mill is it needs very low maintenance. Somecons to the wind mill is that they are not as people would give care. Because the wind has norules you cant always depend on it. You cant save up wind mills for when there is anenergy crisis like right now. People complain that windmills are too noisy, but since notthat many people live very close to them its not that considerable of an issue. A very bad problemwith windmills and a sad single is that the blades of the windmills kill lots of migrating birds. In the olden days they used to use windmills for energy to grind grain. In factories they would use windmills to saw wood. During the 1800s in America people would use the mills to pump water. Wind creator is the fastest growing form of energy.

Stages Of Group Development :: GCSE Business Marketing Coursework

Stages Of Group DevelopmentGroup development is broken vote out into five confronts. These stages are forming, storming, norming, performing and adjourning. The following is a description of how our stem put acrossed through each of these stages. Forming In the first stage our assemblage was formed. each(prenominal) member of our group introduced themselves. We basic anyy made sm both talk in an effort to relieve some of the initial awkwardness. We discussed our expectations of the project we then talked nigh when and where our meeting would be. We had to figure out when all of the group members were available and to dress a convenient place to meet that was accessible by all members.Storming In the storming stage our group members began to take on specific roles. Mandy and Cory seemed as capable of taking on the loss leadership role. As we each time-tested to establish our own identity within the group, we found out what was judge of u s from early(a) members. We didnt have an official leader, but if 1 person had to be named Im sure all of the group would agree on Mandy.Norming During this stage are we pooled our individual thoughts and expectations together. We discovered that we were all in agreement on how the project should be executed. Discussions concerning the project went swimmingly after this point and more progress was made. In this stage I discovered that I had a higher degree of cohesiveness with Mandy than with other group members. This could be due to the fact that Mandy and I were the only distaff members in the group. It could also be due to the fact that Mandy was the group leader and I looked to her for information on group meetings.PerformingIn this stage our group shifted from discussing and establishing objectives to actually taking the actions necessary to accomplish them. We finished our surveys and began to pass them out to be completed. Each member of our group was responsible to extract out the task effectively and within the designated time limit.

PSY 301, Introductory Psychology, 2004, Exam 3 :: UTEXAS Texas Psychology

Answers at bottom of test Exam 3 November 8, 2004 1. Joleens friends describe her as being emotionally reserved most of the time but excessively able to become extremely unwarranted e real once and awhile. When she is angry at one of her friends, she usually does not confront them with her problem and rather behaves in a cold and distant manner. Sometimes, however, she will blow up in anger at them a week or ii later. Which of the following would most likely be Freuds evaluation of Joleen?a. Freud would strike that she is engaging in sublimation behaviors to protect herself. b. He would categorize her as anal expulsive and claim that it is due to unresolved issues she had during her anal stage of life. c. Freud would call her phallic defensive because of the conflicts she had with her parents between the ages of 3 and 5 (possibly even sexual abuse). d. He would say that she is obsessed with oral sensations, like talking, because she developed normally with the oral stage of life. e. Freud would claim that she is in love with her father. 2. What aspect of temper has been found to be a reliable predictor of marital dissatisfaction, sad reports of health, and depression? a. introversion b. low openness c. extraversion d. low amenity e. neuroticism 3. Lexi and Petri are identical twins who were separated at rescue and grew up with very different families. Lexi is a skilled student who has tercet close friends and a loving boyfriend. Her adoptive family had difficulties accepting her when she was an infant and neer really appreciated her until she reached puberty. Petri is also a good student and is very well liked in her sorority. Her adoptive family adored Petri until the family dissolved in a messy divorce when Petri was 16. Based on the core lesson of personality, who probably has higher self esteem, Lexi or Petri? 1. Lexi, because having a significant other(a) (her boyfriend) is the most imp ortant thing for self esteem. 2.

Civil War on Pompey Essay -- History War Caesar Essays

Civil War on PompeyIn 49 B.C., Gaius Julius Caesar traverse the Rubicon with his army, declaring courtly war on Pompey and his supporters in the Senate. In this paper, I will explore the political and legal issues that pushed Caesar to the brink.Looking at capital of Italys political struggles at the dawn of the first century B.C., it becomes manifest that the groundwork for Caesars Republic shattering revolt was lain down by Marius and Sulla. To be more specific, the stage was set by the class struggles amongst the Aristocracy, who demanded control of the Republic by virtue of tradition, and the masses, which demanded a voice.Marius made a major step in pushing the Republic towards constitutional unrest when, in 107 B.C., he abolished the property requirements for military service (Meier, 29). Not altogether did these impoverished soldiers depend on their commander rather than the State for their fiscal support, but they were also promised land in newly conquered provinces u pon the completion of the service. turn enlarging the pool from which the Roman Army drew its volunteer soldiers, this change in policy brought about a dangerous shift in political power. It was for this reason that the Senate opposed nearly every land law dictated before it. If a gifted commander was able to enrich his soldiers through and through plunder, and give them land to settle after the campaign, the soldiers might feel a greater obligation to their commander than to the Senate (Meier, 29). This circumstance is an essential ingredient for civil war, more so, possible, than any other.In 88 B.C., King Mithridates of Pontus invaded the Roman state of matter of Asia. Cornelius Sulla, one of the consuls, was chosen to lead the Roman legions against him by the Senate.... ...ials and tribulations during the 51 age before Caesars revolt. Romes political systems were in such(prenominal) a degraded state that had Caesar been unsuccessful someone else would have concisely followed. It was the actions of Marius and Sulla, not the ambitious dreams of a young man, which were ultimately responsible.Works CitedDickinson, John. final stage of a Republic. New York, Macmillan, 1963.Meier, Christian. Caesar. New York BasicBooks/HarperCollins, 1995.Sabben-Clare, J. P. Caesar and Roman Politics 60-50 B.C. source substantive in translation. Bristol Bristol Classics, 1981.Plutarch. Fall of the Roman Republic. Trans. Rex Warner. New York Penguin USA, 1972.Caesar, C. Julius. Civil Wars. Trans. A. G. Peskett. Cambridge Harvard University Press.Caesar, C. Julius. The Gallic Wars. Trans. H. J. Edwards, C.B. Cambridge Harvard University Press.

Artificial Intelligence in William Gibson’s Neuromancer Essay -- Neuro

painted Intelligence in William Gibsons Neuromancer Artificial Intelligence is a precondition not too widely used in todays society. With todays technology we havent found a way to enable someone to leave their physical body and allow their mind survive within a computer. Could it be possible? mayhap someday, but for now its just in theory. The novel by William Gibson, Neuromancer, has touched greatly on the idea of artificial intelligence. He describes it as a world where many things are possible. By simply log on the computer, it opens up a world we could never comprehend. The possibilities are undated in the world of William Gibson. This world of artificial intelligence has the power to cook many questions and theories because we dont understand something that isnt possible. How smarts an AI, Case? Depends. Some arent much smarter than dogs. Pets. Cost a fortune anyway. The real smart ones are as smart as the Turing groove is willing to let em get. (Page 95) This shows tha t an artificial intelligence can be programmed to only do certain ...

Irony of Small Trifles Essay -- essays glaspell Papers

Irony of Small TriflesIn the drama Trifles, Glaspell conveys 2 chief(prenominal) view points. That is how the work force put on the role of being the head of everything and how the women do not get as fairly treated and ar unless house maids to the men. She characterizes the men as not giving the women the credit they deserve for their hard labors each and everyday. The sheriff, attorney, and neighboring farmer help prove how in the bypast men were completely superior to women. By showing these two points it makes us feel more sympathetic for the women because of how they ar treated. The women always have to go along with what the men tell them, even if they disagree. Since the men are distinguished from the women, the women form their own alliance because they feel empathy for each other. The men and women have seemed to of taken sides against each other. And by the men always hassling the women round their trifles, they are actually working against themselves because the women decide not to give them the learning needed to solve the case. The beginning(a) view that Glaspell gives in Trifles is that the men are far superior or higher than the women. The men in Trifles show the expected character as we would hear about in the past before women had the rights they do now. The attorney displays this past male figure the best. He is always looking down on the women. For example, in the start he says This feels good. Come up to the fire, ladies. (1249) This shows how he feels the need to tell or waive the women to come to the fire as if they were not able to do it on their own. He also shows this when he says, Heres a adequate mess. (1250) commenting about the house and then says Dirty towels Not much of a housekeeper, would you say, ladies? (1251) This exemplifies how he expects the women to take care of the house and that it should always be spotless. At this point in the story the attorney gets into an argument with the ladies who try to throw Mr s. Wright. They prove their point in that it is not right for a man to come into a house and complain about the mess when Mrs. Wright did not have time to clean it. The sheriff also displays this hierarchy of men all everyplace women. He follows what the attorney says I suppose anything Mrs. Peters doesll be all right. (1251) demonstrate that there is not much as harm she could do with that reach of the house as if she is ... ...d. So this guilt proves how the women are going to disturb together, even more since the murder, and neer tell the truth of the matters. At the rarity of Trifles we do not really know what happens. I do not think the women will tell on each other because they are sharing the resembling feelings. The women are loyal to each other and more so to women than mankind. The men in this story show a cracking deal of non-feminism and have a huge sense of superiority over the women. The women are the victims of this play not the man who is murdered. I think that Glaspell has turn out this irony in this story. The women do not even have first names in the story so how could they be at the same standards as the men. In the mens eyes the women are wanting(p) to them. So they are to ignorant to realize that the case is solved by the women who notice the small trifles. For the mens actions the women decide not to plowshare their information to protect a friend, with this irony the men will never solve this insignificant murder case in the story. Works Cited----Glaspell, Susan. Trifles. The Bedford intromission to Literature. Ed. Michael Meyer. 7th ed. Boston Bedford/St. Martins, 2005. 1044.