Christians Dons Have the Answer :: essays research papers

Irrefutable Questions that Christians Cant Answer 1. Explain why your theologys only son had to die so we can go tomagic happy land when we croak. 2. Did everyone who died before Jesus died go to Hell? Justifyyour answer. 3. If a Catholic, justify the Inquisition and other persecutions of"heretics" passim the centuries, concentrating on why thePelagianists, the Priscillianists, and the Manichaeans werepersecuted if a Protestant, justify the witch trials and the way thatProtestants constantly hunted down native Americans until therewere so few that the government could obviously take their land if amember of an eastern Orthodox church, justify the persecutions ofthe Old Believers after the reforms of the seventeenth century. 4. Explain why your sect (whether Catholic, Protestant, or EasternOrthodox) pursued, tortured, and killed people who were notChristian. 5. Explain why your sect (whether Catholic, Protestant, or EasternOrthodox) pursued, tortured, and killed people who were notmembers of your particular sect. 6. Explain why I should entrust that your god is all-good when theonly real information we have about him is the al-Quran, which clearlydescribes him as both good and evil. (See Isaiah 3032, Luke1426, Numbers 3117-18, Matthew 1034, Amos 36,Deuteronomy 188, Deuteronomy 2016, Exodus 205, Exodus3227, Isaiah 457, Psalms 525, Luke 2236, and Jeremiah 1811for a small strain of Biblical passages which describe Jehovah ashaving an evil morality at times). 7. Explain why, when racism is clearly wrong, Jesus was clearly aracist (see learn 725-29). NOTE under no circumstances will Ibelieve the idea that racism is morally acceptable. 8. Explain why, when discrimination against women is clearlywrong, the Bible clearly supports the oppression of women.Answering this question entails refuting 1 Cor 11 and 1 Tim211-15. NOTE under no circumstances will I believe thatdiscrimination against women solely on the basis of sex is morallyacceptable. 9. Explain w hy, when slavery is clearly wrong, the Bible clearlysupports slavery. Answering this question entails refuting 1 shit218. NOTE under no circumstances will I believe that slavery isan acceptable way to run a society. 10. Explain why children should submit to their p arents decisionseven when those decisions are clearly evil. Answering this questionentails refuting Deuteronomy 2118-21, Proverbs 1324, andHebrews 127-8. 11. Explain why, if your god loves us all, more than half of us aregoing to Hell after we die. Specifically, refute or explain thefollowing words of Christ, as presented in the New Testament"Many are called but few are chosen," and "Straight is the gate,

The Poetry of Robert Hayden Essay -- Poetry Analysis

Although the majority of Robert Haydens writes address racial themes and depicts events in African-American history, he also wrote short poems that enthrall his own personal experiences. Hayden has an enormous amount of great poems and short stories, but as I read through many of them, I was touched by two specific poems that I felt I could personally relate to. I chose these poems because I am able to put myself into the story-line and understand what the writer is public lecture about. I believe that a good writer is able to reach any reader regardless of race, gender, or age. Hayden possessed an incredible skill with his verbiage and the structures of his poems that could almost pull the reader right out of their chair and place them in the center of his writings.Robert Hayden was born Asa Bundy Sheffey on August 4, 1913 in Detroit, Michigan. His mother odd him in the care of his neighbors, William and Sue Ellen Hayden, when he was just eighteen months old while she left for New York. The Haydens never legally adopted Robert but they rechristened him as Robert Hayden and took care of him as if he had been their own child. Hayden attended Detroit City College and Michigan University. During his time at Michigan, Hayden was able to continue his lifelong interest in writing and acting. The most important part of this time was that he had the opportunity to study with W.H. Auden. Auden at the time was a visiting professor who spent time culture some of Haydens works and giving him suggestions and valuable criticisms. Hayden credited Auden for helping him develop his own personal style in writing. After he graduated in 1944 he started his career as an instructor of literature, and Frisk University and then at t... ...d the research on this paper it almost made me dislike poem to a greater extent than I already had. I think that poems mean something different to each person. No two people will ever feel the exact same(p) way about a certain poem. When I read the criticisms I disagreed with practically every single one. I dont know why one persons sagacity of a poem is so important that it is published. It makes reading poetry seem more like a chore and makes it hard for me to enjoy. If I read poetry its because it has touched me in one way or another. To own somebody break it down differently than I would have changes the meaning of it for me. Everybody is entitled to have their own opinion but unless it is the actually writer of the poem explaining how he felt as he wrote this, no else will ever know for convinced(predicate) what he was thinking. The enjoyment comes from opening your mind and losing yourself.

Work and Revolution in France Essay -- History, French Labor Movement

William H. Sewell, Jr.s Work and Revolution in France The nomenclature of Labor from the Old Regime to 1848 (1980) is a qualitative analysis of the French labor movement, sweeping three radical revolutionary eras 1790s, 1830s, and 1850s. Sewells strategy encompasses aggregating and analyzing (1980 5) events that would in general be considered the banal factional struggles and encounters of individual French workers. He amasses these facts into a macro-history of the workers plight to class-consciousness from the ancien regime to the repressive post-revolutionary era of 1850s. Sewell frames his historical analysis within the context of the style the workers movement utilized the evolving rhetoric to advocate their pro-rights agenda. He performs a stringent investigation on the progression and determination of the use of specific terminology, steeringing his lense on how concepts of culture (i.e., ideas, beliefs, and behaviors) aid in shifts of existing structures.Sewells theore tical perspective is admittedly self-constructed. He borrowed shamelessly from such sources as the new history, talented history, cultural anthropology, and certain new strains of Marxism (1980 5). I find borrowing from cultural anthropology to be the most influential of these theoretical viewpoints, and Sewell highlights the importance of ethnographic field methods in his work. However, he is quick to acknowledge that, from a historical perspective, conventional ethnography, as we understand it, is not suffice in this context. While traditional ethnography tends to focus on non-Western, relatively small-scale and homogeneous societies (Sewell 1980 12), Sewells initiative is to analyze the complex society that was rent by all sorts of co... ...mes widening his scope could inflect his argument further. He does this in the conclusion of chapter 11 to display how and why the movement was at times, and ultimately, unsuccessful. Additionally, as he suggests the reasons why the bourge ois never authentically accepted and the peasantry never felt validated by the movement, he could strengthen his argument by further displaying other elements of cultural value outside of language, i.e. typic gestures used by the movement. In addition to symbols, I also feel that Sewell could have provided more definition surrounding the artisan culture (Hanagan 1981). Given the order of magnitude of the numerous trades, and the variety of societies, clubs, associations within each where and what are the cultural margins between the different trade corporations? Is there one united culture, or a pack within the varying factions?

An International comparison of funding and expenditures for education :: essays research papers

An international comparison of funding & expenditures for education(Canada, France, Japan, united states)I.A comparability of Educational SystemsA.CurriculumB.Duration of instructor training and franchise programsC.Existence of entrance/exit examsD.Ethic homogeneity (90% of entire population from one socialal group)E. progress for starting enlightenF.Average days in a school social classG.Average minutes of instruction in a school dayH.Student achievementI.Pupil/teacher ratiosJ.Percent of schools with one or more problemsII.Where does the $ Come From?III.Where does the $ Go?Duration of teacher training and certification programsCountryLength of training ( course of studys)Academic ProgramCanada4 (A gradual move is being madeGeneral education at the universitytowards 5 years of teacher and 1-year of professional training preparation)and instruction in curriculum andteaching classes in contextual dimensions.FrancePrimary 4Primary First three year spent in a license alternative 5 or moreProgram on any subject then one year Is spent on curriculum training.Secondary first four years spent obtaining a class in the subject to be taught then 1-year teacher training on curriculum/instructionJapanFirst class elementary and getFirst class elementary and lower collateral Secondary certificate 4teachers earn a Bachelors degree focusingFirst class upper secondary 6on common subjects and pedagogySecond class elementary andFirst class upper secondary Bachelors Lower secondary certificate 2degree with less focus on pedagogySecond class upper secondary 4Plus 2 additional years of training on Curriculum and instructionSecond class elementary and lower Secondary, Second class upper secondaryFour years of general studiesUnited States4Particular emphases are shaped by Regulations, but usually include generalConcentration in the academic subjectsTeachers plan to teach (if they are inSecondary instruction) and in pedagogyExistence of Exit/Entrance ExamsCountryExistence of exit/entrance examsName and type of examinationCanadaYesExit exams from secondarySchool in some provinces.FranceYesa) Baccalaureat Exit Examination from lycee (academic high schools) anduniversity entrance exams.b)Brevet des college non-Compulsory exam at the endOf lower secondary schoolJapanYesa) Entrance examination forUpper secondary schoolb)Test of the National CenterFor University Entrance Exam(TNCUEE) andc)Entrance exams for man-to-man universitiesUnited StatesYesSAT/ACT University entranceExaminations.Minimum competence tests inSome states.Other CharacteristicsEthnic Homogeneity (90% of entire population from one ethnic group)Canada NoFrance YesUnited States NoJapan YesAverage age for starting schoolCanada 6France 6United States 6Japan 6Age of compulsory educationCanada 6 16France 6 16

Treating Spasticity - Oral Medications and Surgery :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Treating Spasticity - Oral Medications and SurgerySpasticity a disorder of muscle function that causes muscle tightness or spasm. It is the involuntary movement (jerking) of muscles, which occurs when there is rail at to the central nervous system. This damage may result from a traumatic brain, injury stroke, tumor, cerebral palsy or multiple sclerosis (1). Symptoms may hold hypertonicity (increased muscle tone), clonus (a series of rapid muscle contractions), exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, muscle spasms, scissoring (involuntary crossing of the legs), and fixed joints (2). Spasticity may be as loopy as the feeling of stiffness or tightness of muscles, or it may be so severe as to produce painful uncontrollable spasms of the extremities, normally of the legs. It may also produce feelings of pain or tightness in and around joints and can also cause low back pain (3). nearly people find that spasticity is so severe or frequent that it disrupts their life. Health care professional suggest a number of things to calm or founder spasticity range-of- motion exercises, stress management, prescription drugs, physical therapy regimens, and or surgery. Each offers some help, but treatments like medication and surgery bring complications. The patient is forced to fix if decreasing spasticity is worth the expression effects from drugs or loss of some movement and feeling from surgery. Many people who have spasticity take few, if any, medications to control their spasticity (4). enchantment spasticity cannot be cured, some of the problems associated with spasticity can be cared for in a number of ways. At this present time, there are several medications and surgical methods that are utilize to help treat spasticity. In most cases, treatments consist of combinations of different medications, implantation devices, and surgery. The investigation of this paper deals with a comparison of the oral medications being used by patients and the numerous surgical procedures ava ilable to treat spasticity. The use of oral medications for treatment of spasticity may be very effective. Benzodiazepines, baclofen, dantrolene sodium, and tizanidine are the most widely used agents for reducing of spasticity. The challenge is to establish a treatment plan that will strike a vital balance between improved function, patient satisfaction, and possible side effects. At high dosages, oral medications can cause unwanted side effects that include sedation, as well as changes in mood and cognition (5).Benzodiazepines such as diazepam are the oldest and most frequently used oral agents for spasticity related to spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, and cerebral vascular accident.

Treating Spasticity - Oral Medications and Surgery :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Treating Spasticity - Oral Medications and SurgerySpasticity a disorder of muscle function that causes muscle tightness or spasm. It is the unbidden movement (jerking) of muscles, which occurs when there is damage to the central nervous system. This damage whitethorn result from a traumatic brain, injury stroke, tumor, noetic palsy or triune sclerosis (1). Symptoms may include hypertonicity (increased muscle tone), clonus (a series of rapid muscle contractions), exaggerated deep tendon reflexes, muscle spasms, scissoring (involuntary crossing of the legs), and fixed joints (2). Spasticity may be as mild as the feeling of stiffness or tightness of muscles, or it may be so severe as to convey painful uncontrollable spasms of the extremities, usually of the legs. It may also produce feelings of pain or tightness in and around joints and can also cause get-go back pain (3).Some people find that spasticity is so severe or frequent that it disrupts their life. Health care professional suggest a phone number of things to calm or stop spasticity range-of- motion exercises, stress management, prescription drugs, physical therapy regimens, and or surgery. Each offers some help, but treatments like medication and surgery put to work complications. The patient is forced to decide if decreasing spasticity is worth the side effects from drugs or loss of some movement and feeling from surgery. Many people who put up spasticity take few, if any, medications to control their spasticity (4).While spasticity cannot be cured, some of the problems associated with spasticity can be cared for in a number of ways. At this present time, there are several(prenominal) medications and surgical methods that are used to help treat spasticity. In close to cases, treatments consist of combinations of different medications, implantation devices, and surgery. The investigation of this paper deals with a comparison of the vocal medications being used by patients and the numerous surgic al procedures available to treat spasticity. The use of oral medications for treatment of spasticity may be very effective. Benzodiazepines, baclofen, dantrolene sodium, and tizanidine are the most widely used agents for reduction of spasticity. The challenge is to establish a treatment plan that will strike a vital balance between better function, patient satisfaction, and possible side effects. At high dosages, oral medications can cause unwanted side effects that include sedation, as well as changes in mood and cognition (5).Benzodiazepines such as diazepam are the oldest and most frequently used oral agents for spasticity related to spinal cord injury, cerebral palsy, and cerebral vascular accident.

American Politic

The United moroseers of America had over the years tieed suffrage from women, black American and prisons of particular offences. The American legibility to vote over the years has been mainly determined by the federal and the enounce laws. Today, plainly the citizens of the US can be anyowed to vote. However the states name their own laws that govern the right to votes at any elections. As if to deprive the states of their independence, the national constitutions has also g angiotensin converting enzyme ahead to restrict the voting laws at the state level.However over the years there hand over been extensions of voting rights. At the very(prenominal) on set out of the American democracy, women and the poor were non legible to take part in the voting. This disfranchisement has been criticized over the years. Nevertheless it is appreciable the attainment of the voting rights have been as progressive as the progression of the American democracy. Until 1870 Americans were denie d voting rights based on the triple tenets, race color and their previous servitude conditions.In 1920 the provision was reviewed and scarcely sex was used as a restricting factor against one taking part in the voting wreak. In 1964 a provision was passed contrary to inter alia allowing American citizens who had failed to pay taxes to take part in voting. Hitherto, American who were not paying taxes were not allowed vote. In 1971, passed an amendment bill that sought to lift any restrictions on account of the age. The right to vote has been extended to a wide spectrum of voters. However some states proscribe people who had committed felonies from voting.Several movements carry oned for the expansion of the suffrage extend. In the 1960 for example, young men who had interpreted art in the state of war in Vietnam were in dire necessitate for voting to taking part in the election of their leaders. While they were taking an active part in the brass policy implementation they ap pe atomic number 18d locked out in key disposal findings such as elections. Subsequent to this movement the minimum voting age was moved from 21 years of age to 18 years. In a dramatic shift, some states even allowed those who were nearing that age to take part in election at the primaries and caucuses.The voting space was further opened through with(predicate) the extension of voting rights to prisoners. Though this was done spaciously, some states allowed scarcely prisoners on probation to take part in voting. As of 2007 quaternteen states in the United State were allowing prisoners with minor crimes and ex-felons to vote. It is however regrettable that an estimated 5. 3 American ar denied the voting rights because convictions of felony. This is in sharp contrast with the practice in the European Union where ex-felons and in some cases prisoners be allowed to vote.In Canada for example, prisoners have been allowed to vote since 2002. It has taken relatively long for the ext ension of the suffrage in the United States. Presumably, this is because over the years there was no push for this course. However the few past decades have seen movements fronting for the rights of the franchised. While these movements go way back to the times of Martin Luther king Junior, after his death there was reduced semi governmental activism that would have led to reduction of the voter franchise. The extension of suffrage has been thumpingly precipitated by the increased American political space.In addition, the increased economic study was coupled with political reform. Given that economic development is always coupled with political and social development, these transformations made the upsurge of political and social movements inevitable. Subsequently, the United States was being used as a parameter for ideal democracy hence it was utterly inevitable of the powers that be to embrace human rights, inclusive of the voting rights. 2. separate the factors that have con tributed to the overall weakening of political parties in America. How are parties weaker?How do they remain important? What are the advantages of a political administration with weak political parties? What are the disadvantages? Political parties are elected into power based on their manifestos and their policies. However it so happens that after election the parties tend to deviate utterly from their manifesto. They tend, in the opinion of the electorates, to engage in former(a) businesses other than the mandate for which they were elected into power. Besides, the parties have revered their political partys hegemony to an extent that they are not the electorates that count but the party.Apparently the United States has international forces that are dictating its direction. Worse still, the purported purchase of votes in the quest to pass accepted bills are also do the voters privation their trust in the outline. Given that parties are about numbers, this ends up weakening th e parties even further. In particular the voters cite the passing of the healthcare plan bill. This order of concealed corruption is making the general public to lose trust overall in the leadership of the country who happen to be emanating from political parties.The decentralization of the party powers has also believably contributed to the weakening of the political parties. The implication is that the grassroots leader have equal mandate on the affairs of the party fitting as much as the leaders at the national levels. In addition the party system tends to have very umpteen cleavages at all the three levels national, state and the local levels. This fragments the system further hence making it to lose its powers. It is also worth noting that the parties sporadically supported in one state, one party is supported altogether while in another, another party is supported.The United States has very many issues that ingest to be addressed. This diversified issues lead to frown int ernal unity among party members. This has been particularly prevalent in the Democratic Party. Vividly, even the Republican Party seems to be tending on this very trend. This famed is the fragmenting of the party into Conservative Republican and Libertarian Republicans. In addition, the emergence of chase groups has also critiqued the political parties to the extent of igniting distrust from the voters. Further, partisan bickering has also seen turn off to the American voter.There are a number of indicators of weakening of parties. In particular the realignment in elections has been dramatic encounter in the US. This has been an ultimate indication of the weakening of political parties. Areas that were initially perceived to be in support of the Republican Party are now supporting the Democratic Party. There has also been a rule out in the straight ticket voting to increased split ticket voting. The subsequent inclusion of the office bloc ballot that allows for the split ticket v oting is an indicator of this trend.There appears o be no clear cut merits for weaker political parties however, weaker political parties tend to strengthen antiauthoritarian ideals. Clearly, when the incumbent is duly mandated they tend to salve service with a clear conscience of low civil mandate. On the contrary, when political are weaker the lack of mandate expose them to sabotage even when their strategic and political intention or good giveed. In general this tends to impede the success of both political social and economic agenda. In the overall summary it does affect the functioning of political economic and social systems.Ultimate, the delivery of operate to the general public is tampered with. 3. Should race be taken into account when congressional districts are redrawn after all(prenominal) census? If 20 percent of a state is African American, should 20 percent of the districts have an African American majority? First, it need to be acknowledged that any process tha t takes race as a central parameter for course will always end up disfranchising the nation. thusly such attempts should be resisted at all be. It is equally appreciable that over years racialism has impacted face cloth people.Usually that discussion comes in the context of an precondition that, if whites can see that racism has negative effects on them as a group, that realization will motivate action to eliminate racism. While the forces of racism would not be demonized as such, its emphasized use promotes its ideals. Hence if the criteria is used it divides the nation into such lines. racial discrimination is by far too powerful and nettlesome force that if it is allowed to permeate, it clings and stubbornly gets lodged into the system this assumption acknowledges, clinging stubbornly wherever it is lodged.In addition there is much price to be paid in acceptance of this Draconian approach to national development. Most of the white will not accept this aspect and would or e lse not accept this dynamics. However, the role they do play is so immense that the to the lowest degree love should be given to such criteria in making such decision as rescheduling of the district boundaries. In measuring the benefits, powers and privileges, in some concealed process of thought and sensation outweigh the negatives.Nevertheless, there is the least possibility of balancing the effects of the racial criteria with their inherent negative effect. Racism would not only have the marginalized, but also those who purport to be privileged. While the argument in the article should not play sanguine, the basic principle and guiding criteria should be that in earnest, racism has the least positives to offer, rather it simply creates divisions that jeopardize the peace and tranquility of the nation or the state.Fronting of divisions based on these criteria will defeat the national object of ensuring that the state is dully glued together and utterly cohesive. Majorly, it has always been perceived that racism affect the blacks more than the white however, I heart the effect is felt across the board. Racism has distorted reality for many whites. Teachings about history, the world, the pursuits of thought, expressions of culture, and personal relationships have for most whites been both limited and false.Racism has taught whites that we are members of a race which is superior, and that assumption creates false expectations and warped illusions. Racism, particularly during the period when Africans were enslaved, taught white men that it is all right to rape black women, and also exacerbated the devaluation of white women. Racism has taught whites that we are entitled to privilege as a right of birth, undercutting the assumption of achieved merit which is one of the cornerstones of democracy.Racism, present at the foundation of our nation, left a country built on a fundamental and terrible contradiction between a belief in equality and a belief in white su periority. That contradiction remains unresolved. Racism has produced in white society a mental health problem characteristic responses among many whites are prevail by unfounded fear of blacks, hatred, suspicion, guilt, shame, and jealousy. These words are the language of disease. The cost for whites who want to move beyond racism has been a high one, measured in time, emotion, psychic energy, and sometimes money.Racism, as one of the root causes of poverty, costs our nation huge amounts of money, measured in crime, unemployment and related social ills. Racism has set whites who are made poor in our society in competition with people of color, and has also increased the separation between homees among whites. Ultimately, no, race should not be taken into considerations. Ideally taking into account the race is simply trying to fragment the nation into the races. 4. A dilemma is presented by the values of liberty and equality in regard to interest-group activity.On the one hand, in dividuals should have the liberty to organize themselves politically in order to express their views. On the other hand, there is a strong class bias in the politics of organized interests. How has the U. S. government sought to dictate group activity in order to balance these competing values? What else might government do to make group politics less biased? What are the potential consequencesboth good and badof the actions you suggest? The United States has sought to regulate group activities through passing legislations that require all contract groupists to register.Until the 1970, the United States monitored rather than correct the activities of lobby groups. Today the activities of the respective(a) groups have been regulated through four constitutional legislations. Within the constitutional provisions, the lobby groups are judge to report on their pulmonary tuberculosis and the activities of involvement by the registered lobby groups. The government has also regulated the activities of the groups by restricting the association of the civil servants and government organizations with the lobby groups.The association regulated is in terms of finances and logistics. Ideally this is meant to reduce the muzzle of the lobby groups in terms of their financial capability and their subsequent technical ability to address definite group issues. In addition, this functions the government to ensure that there is no leakage of any government classified information to this lobby groups. The groups are also expected to disclose their financial statements. Ideally, the lobby groups are meant to publish their income sources and their expenditure items.Besides, the government restricts and limits the amount of money that can be attained from the various funding organizations. Further, the government sets timeline within which the group can access funds from various fundraisers. The political action committee is mandated with the regulation of funds for the purpo se of crusades. Presumably, the PAC is supposed to ensure that the groups do not get beyond the target set for group expenditures on campaigns. It need be noted that different states have also come up with supporting laws that regulate the activities of the groups.Like in the case of campaign financing regulations, some of the laws compel limitations and prohibits the contributions from Political Actions Committees. The US constitution does require that the political parties should get majority votes from half the states. To reduce bias further, I feel strongly that there should be a provision to the effect that the winner should gunner at least 40 percent of the votes cast from the remaining states other than the present requisite majority of the 75% from the electorates college. 5. Two of Congresss chief responsibilities are representation and lawmaking.Describe the ways in which these two responsibilities might difference with one another. How do these responsibilities support and reinforce one another? What would Congress be like if its sole function were case? What would it be like if it were altogether legislative? The congressmen and women are expected to represent their electorates in the all spheres, and on the other extreme they are expected to make laws that are to serve the interests of the bigger America. There are issues that would be in conflict with the representatives aspiration of the people whom they do represent.Some of the legislations are in the interests of the country at large however, the representative whitethorn have to sacrifice the desires of the electorates to have the legislations passed. In some cases, the laws presented would, though good, may be turned down because the representatives are trying to have their electorates protected. Ultimately, this represents conflicts in interests. In financial related bills, as a representative the legislator would be compelled to turn down the bill if the bill does not give consideratio ns to the states of representation.In earnests this would be in the interests of the state but not the national interests. This conflict would impede on the overall delivery of services to the nation. In additions, one may push for legislations that only take care of the states for which there represents not taking the interests of the nation into account. As a legislator, the representative function curtails the members of the congress to pass legislations that would not hurt their electorates, but remain consistent with the needs and desires of the nation. Subsequently the legislations passed remain consistent with the interests of the country.If the congress was only comprised of legislators, it could be more likely that the laws would not take into consideration the needs of the citizens. This would just lead to complacence in the spotless legislation process. The fact that legislators are also representatives makes the undivided process issue and needs orient unlike if the l egislators are only playing that role in seclusion without understanding the needs of the citizenry. If the congress was purely of the representation functions, there could be a high chance that the legislations passed would have total seclusion from the ideal state on the ground.Ideal reforms would be practical to the needs of the citizenry need to bridge between the linked to the ideal state on the ground the central role of representation. Partisan politics largely take the interests of the state at heart rather the national interests. In view of this aspect, legislation may be hampered by the interests. In their quest to defend the party positions, which are representative of their election mandate, the representative end up dwelling a blow on the functions of the congress. 6. Presidents have constitutional, institutional, and political sources of power.Which of the three do you think most accounts for the powers of the governance? Is it, in fact, come-at-able to discern among these the true source of chairmanial power? Select a president and discuss the ways in which that particular president used each source of power to succeed in the brass. Because of the democratic ideal embraced by the United States of America, constitutional source of power tend to take much protuberance in the presidents mode of administration. Though the other powers may come into foreplay, they can only have impact where they are supported by constitutional powers.When the president gets into office appointment, he undertakes appointments informed by the constitutional powers, though behind the scenes there could be some fore play in the determination of the person, the whole act is prompted by the constitution. The constitution does mandate the president to make appointment subject to definite conditions. Nevertheless, he has the powers that are constitution of undertaking the appointments. Taking the decision such as the engagement into war in Iraq Bush simply used his con stitutional powers to declare the war on Iraq.Ideally political powers could have the hear effect as the decision was not supported by all the Republicans. In essence the party was much divided over the declaration of the war in Iraq. On the strength of this argument it is evident that constitutional powers fore played other sources of power. It is utterly possible to discern that the political powers only assist the presidency to take over the office. But once the president has taken over the office institutional powers take the central stage the decision making process with the other sources of powers only being supportive to the entire excise of the presidential mandate.Essentially, one can strongly content that the major source of powers for the presidency in the United States of America is mainly the constitution. The institution of the presidency has sufficient powers that allow the American president make decisions on behalf of the state. Pursuant to this provision the presi dency (under Bush) refused to sign the Kyoto protocol which according to bush was going to hurt the American economy. Bush argued that if the Kyoto protocol was signed, it implied most of the vehicle (75 millions) were to be removed from the road which meant the Americans were to refuge to some other form of transport.When President Bush (former) was seeking election to the white house he did make a promise to the conservatives that he would stir one of the conservative judges to the high court bar. For him this was going to deviate the direction in the court. Alitos appointment was purely, within this context, political. The credentials of Alito, purely conservative, were to bequeath a swing vote in OConnor. 7. Often the efficiency of public bureaucracies is judged in terms of the efficiency of private business and other organizations.In many instances, government has been expected to do things that businesses in the marketplace have chosen not to do or have found unprofitable. Might the tasks that government is asked to do be more prone to inefficiency? Think about the ways in which business might be able to perform some tasks that government before long performs. Would business necessarily perform these tasks more efficiently? Should efficiency be the only priority in the public enterprise? There are certain services and goods that would otherwise not be left in the hands of the public for delivery to the consumers.These goods will ascribe to these aspects for a number of reasons. First, the fact that certain service such as the constructions of roads has such a large capital outlay that the private sector would not single handedly offer implies that it is only the government that can offer such services. Some goods and services are so sensitive that leaving their supply to the private sector would not only jeopardize national security but will also put at risk the security of the civilians at risk.Services such as the military, police services and th e prison services are so sensitive that leaving them to the private sector does not give the general public assurance of the efficacy and the dependableness of the services. The provision of the legal tender for any government, America and any other would not be left in the hands of the general public. The currency would promptly be supplied to the economy without the least consideration of effect particularly where partisan interests come into foreplay. In the long run the currency of any state may never be stabilized.This risks the economic performance of any state. The other reason for the provision of these services by the government is if the services or the goods are very unprofitable. Given that the central goal of the central objective of any business is to make profits. Any service that proves unprofitable would definitely and at all costs be avoided by the private sector. Given that the government has to ensure the provision of these services is inevitable, the governme nt has no option but seek to offer the services.The lightings of the highway for example have the least returns, if any. However, the provision of lights on the streets is an inevitable venture. For the streets to be safe, the government has to erect street lights for the safety of the street users. Such venture has the least prospects of any profits. The provision of road networks services would still be left to the private sector for business if the private is allowed to collect some toll from the roads. It is appreciable that the private sector world over offers the best services compared to the government.If such avenues are opened up, it is possible that the private sector would offer relatively smart as a whip services compared to the government. However, such step can only be approved off with due caution. This is because the private sector, due to the monopolistic nature of the road system network, would end up exploiting the citizens and making exorbitant profits at the e xpense of the common citizenry. Therefore should be generally appreciated that the private sector has the likeliness of offering better services but the challenge would only be how best they can be contained to reduce consumer exploitation.Nonetheless, services such as banking would only be regulated by the central bank but utterly left to the private sector to undertake such services. Ultimately efficiency and strong point would be attained. I strongly feel indeed efficiency should be the central indicator of good performance however, other factors such as the reliability of the service delivery and effectiveness of the entire process should be equally taken into consideration. Clearly, being efficient may not necessarily imply that the entire citizenry is able to access the services.Ultimate, the efficiency aspect should be coupled with aspects of reliability and the effectiveness of the services being delivered. 8. In many ways, courts are expected to be apolitical institutions of government. In what ways are courts, judges, and justices shielded from politics and political pressure? In what ways are they vulnerable to political pressure? Are the courts an appropriate place for politics? What is the danger of having too much or too little political accountability in judicial decision-making?The American judicial system has been made independent through a dependent judiciary and independent judges. Ideally the accountability of the judiciary and the independence of the judicial system are irreconcilable. Presumably, the both the two are means to an end and are never ends in themselves. The United States has a well-functioning adjudication system that has ultimately tries to reconcile democratic and legal legitimacy. In earnest, the achievement of a balance between the democratic and the legal legitimacy is utterly in the hands of the judges.The judicial has the mandate to restrict the government on certain issues. The muzzle that the judicial system has is marshaled from the fact that the judges have a security of tenure in office. This makes it possible for them to allot their responsibilities with the least form of fear or favor. Given that their decision can not be overruled so easily, the judicial system therefore become frank and therefore end making decisions that end up giving judgments that are beyond political reproach. The courts are capable of questioning the government over certain actions.Courts hold governments answerable through their power to evaluate the actions of the executive and the legislature. These powers are at the zenith particularly when courts can declare certain laws passed by the parliament as unconstitutional. Courts can also declare any decision by the parliament as unconstitutional and the executive has the least say on the same. This decision would be reached in respect to or subject to both the national and the international law. Though the judicial system is termed as an independent institution, its appointment mode subjects the process to political likelihood of manipulation.Given that the appointment of the judges is normally done by the political class, this subjects the system to political reprisal. The fear of imminent lack of reappointment after the change of government thus subjects the judicial system to some boot-leaking condition. Definitely, the courts are not the best place for politics. Allowing politics to permeate the judicial system denies the civilians their right. Clearly, when politics mark the judicial system, the officers in the judicial system live in fear of political reprisal and hence tend to serve the interest of the political class than to full follow the constitutional order.While the political class will feel contented, the civilians will be denied their constitutional rights. The extremes of involvement or lack of political involvement is equally disastrous. Too much involvement, as has already been mentioned curtails the rights of the civilia ns. The lack of political involvement makes the court lack responsibility. Hence the best balance that would be at the interest of the civilian should be political involvement that is moderated. Moderation implies that the political class should only make the judicial system accountable.Lack of accountability should be pointed out by the political class and therefore allow the system to valuate the entire accountability prospects. Ultimately, the interaction between the judicial system and the other branches of government should be geared to quality and legal service delivery to the civilians. Extraverted exercise of these powers simply jeopardizes the service delivery process to the citizenry. The three arms of any government should simply act as checks and balances of each other. this subsequently translates to the efficacy and efficiency if the entire service delivery process to the populace.

Case Questions for Product and Brand Management

American Express 1. What explains the American Express cards achievement over the past fifty years? 2. What challenges face the American Express card in 2008? 3. Delineate and rank in order the various outgrowth options open to the American Express card. 4. How is an imminent economic recession likely to affect the revenues and profits of the American Express card? ruby-red Bull 1. What created Red Bulls success? What is the core franchise and benefit? Has the products positioning changed over time?What is the role of alcohol mixing in Red Bulls success? 2. What is Red Bulls success formula? For which kind of product/beverage categories will this formula model? How does Red Bull know when to turn on the advertising? What metrics would you use to make this judgment? 3. Why did the first UK launch go amiss? 4. What changes were made for the US market? Should other changes be considered? 5. Assume tough competition is coming. How can Red Bull affect its franchise? What actions woul d you recommend? 6. What should ascorbic acids competitors do?Coke? Pepsi? Anheuser-Busch? 7. If you were an investor in Red Bull, would you take your money and run or wait for the long haul? Starbucks 1. What is Starbucks strategy? 2. Given your sound judgment of its competitive premise, how should it leverage its resources and capabilities to achieve its growth objective? 3. How will you respond to McDonalds offer? 4. Now that Starbucks is entering India, what branding strategy would you recommend to the Starbucks attention to establish the Starbucks brand in the Indian market?

Report on Cross Cultural Management of Cuba Essay

4 Analysis of Silk Trade in Cuba To a great extent, the silk trade grass be determined by the cultivation. in the beginning entering into the Cuban market, the company unavoidably to realise the civilization and take into account the local market situation. Cross heathen focusing models faecal matter be utilise to analyze the heathenish characteristics in Cuba, for example Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions, Fons Trompenaars Cultural Dimensions, and Ednlard T. mansion house Cultural Dimensions. In the following, brand cultural models will be utilise to conduct an assessment of Cuban cultural background and analyze the impact of Cuban culture on the silk trade.Fig 1 Location of Cuba4.1 Cuban culture under Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensions Professor Geert Hofstede is an expert in the field of penetrate cultural management. His study on the cultural dimensions stooge be used to dish define the culture of a expanse in the world. fit to Geert Hofstede Cultural Dimensi ons, each kind of the culture places various emphasis on five different cultural dimensions, Power Distance (PDI), Individualism versus Collectivism (IDV), Masculinity versus Femininity (MAS), uncertainness Avoidance (UAI), and Long term preference (LTO) (Hofstede, 1996).4.1.1 Power Distance According to the view of Professor Hofstede, world power distance deals with the income inequity in a country (Soargons et al., 2007). Cuba scores risque in the scale of power distance, which means that the members of this country views that inequities atomic number 18 usual and accepted by all layers of the society, and the leaders of an brass goat restrain a lot of power. The reason can be be in the long level.4.1.2 Individualism versus Collectivism The dimension individualism is the degree of interdependence a society maintains in its members. In simple words, it deals with whether pecks self-image is defined in terms of I or We. It is known that Cuba is a communist country and it is a collectivist culture. Under such governmental environment, people work together and share everything. The Cubans believe that all the people are important and cooperation is important in the society. In simple words, communism is widely accepted in Cuba.4.1.3 Masculinity versus Femininity The dimension masculinity deals with what motivates people, wanting to be the best (masculine) or liking what you do (feminine). Under the Cuban culture, people are always to a greater extent feminine. The dominant values in the society are caring for others and quality of life, rather than the competition, achievement, and success. In addition to this, the Cuban women have compete an important role in the society, and women hold nearly 37% of the seats in parliament. The Cuban culture is more feminine.4.1.4 Uncertainty Avoidance The dimension Uncertainty Avoidance can explain how people deal with the unknown future, some may try to control the future, and some may let it happen (Merkin , 2006). mountain in the Cuban society belong to the category of high uncertainty avoidance. To a large extent, it is decided by the policy-making environment, the communist society for geezerhood can be the reason why Cuban people eliminate unwanted changes in the future.4.1.5 Long term orientation The long term orientation dimension decides the extent to which the society shows a pragmatic future-oriented view rather than a conventional historical short-term view. In Cuba, people fall more in the conventional short-term view. The society is largely controlled by the government, and people live life day to day with the conventional short-term view, also they have not planned too much for the future.4.2 Cuban culture under Fons Trompenaars Cultural Dimensions According to the view of Professor Fons, what distinguished people from one culture is where their preferences fall on each of the seven different dimension, including universalism versus crabbedism, individualism versus co mmunitarianism, specific versus filter, neutral versus emotional, achievement versus ascription, sequential time versus synchronous time, and internal direction versus outer(prenominal) direction (Charles and Trompenaars, 1997). The dimension universalism vs. particularism deals with what is more important, rule or affinity. In Cuba, people believe that relationships can be more important, which is largely decided by the political factor. Under the communist society, the whole society is controlled by the leaders of the country, and the society is decided by rule of people, rather than rule of law (Rasha, 2006). Individualism vs. collectivism deals with the degree of interdependence a society maintains in its members. Cuba falls more in a collectivist culture.In addition, the neutral vs. emotional dimension describes the sizeableness of feelings and relationships. Obviously, Cuba, a neutral culture, and people do not easily display their feelings and emotions. The government con trols everything, and people dare not display their real feelings (Kang and Mastin (2008). Specific vs. diffuse dimension answers how the people separate the private and operative lives. Cuban culture belongs to the specific-oriented culture, in simple words the Cuban people separate the private and the working lives very clearly. The achievement vs. ascription dimension refers to the question of the status. In Cuban society, people belong to the ascription-oriented culture and the respect for a manager is based on hierarchy. Sequential vs. synchronic dimension defines two different ways of managing time, and the Cuban people belong to the synchronization-oriented dimension. In the end, the Cuban people fall more in the external control dimension.4.3 Cuban culture under Ednlard T. Hall Cultural Dimensions Ednlard T. Hall is a famous researcher on cross cultural management. Halls cultural factors can be used to understand people from different cultural backgrounds, include high-cont ext culture and low-context culture, monochromic action and polychromic action, high territoriality and low territoriality. First of all, Cuba belongs to a kind of high-context culture, similar with Trompenaars particularism. There are a lot of local unwritten rules of the culture, and much is interpreted for granted in the Cuban culture. Secondly, similar with Trompenaars time as sequence (monochromic) and time as synchronization (polychromic), most of the Cuban people can be polychromic-based action (Hall, 1966). In simple words, people often do more things at once and put relationship first, in addition to this, things are borrowed and shared often and easily. (Hall, 1983). Cuban people have high territoriality when working with the foreigners, which largely results from the political attitude of the communist society.5 shock absorber of culture on leading and validation demeanor in Cuba With the development of the economic globalization, the importance of cross cultural man agement receives more attention. Culture can be defined as the characteristics of a particular convocation of people, including history, education, language, affable, structure, religion, political, and economic.5.1 push of culture on leadership in Cuba Leadership can be defined as a process of social influence in the accomplishment of a common task, and easily leaders are not get along born. As described above, cross cultural management models can be used to understand how to do the business in Cuba.Fig 2 Flag of Cuba5.1.1 Impact of Cuban history on leadership The history of Cuba began with the arrival of Columbus in 1492, and in a long time it was controlled by the foreign countries, such as United States and Brazil. In the 20th century, Cuba made the alliance with the Soviets. Castro controlled Cuba for decades until the year 2006. In Cuba, the leaders have the concentrated power and members of an institution and organization accept the leadership very easily.Fig 3 Castro5.1 .2 Impact of Cuban education on leadership Speaking in essence, the Cuban education was strictly controlled by the government, and the school attendance is not very high. In addition to this, education has a strong political and ideological emphasis. In simple words, the Cuban education is not well-developed, and the leaders can easily influence the followers, also people get used to obey the instructions from the leaders.5.1.3 Impact of Cuban language on leadership Spanish is the official language in Cuba, and most of the Cubans can speak it, because in a long time Cuba was controlled by Spain. In addition to this, Haitian Creole can be the routine largest language. Language can play an important role in the leadership process, and it can be inferred that the leaders in Cuba are required to speak Spanish.5.1.4 Impact of Cuban social structure on leadership Social structure can be identified as the relationship between entities or groups or as enduring and relatively stable pattern s of relationship. The Cuban society believes that inequities are usual and a fact of the life. The equality can be accepted by all layers of the society, and the leaders of an organization can have a lot of power.Fig 4 Cathedral of Saint Christopher in Havana5.1.5 Impact of Cuban religion on leadership Cuba has been a Communist country since 1959. Catholicism is much modified and influenced, and the most popular religion in Cuba is Santeria. The religion can maximize the cohesion between the members, and the leadership can take advantage of the religion, or else it will be the prohibitions.5.1.6 Impact of Cuban politics on leadership Culture of a country can significantly influence the trade business, including the silk trade. Peoples Republic of China has built a good relationship with Republic of Cuba for many years, which can be good for the silk trade in Cuba (Benjamin and Collins, 1985). To be more specific, the political attitude can be helpful in leadership.5.1.7 Impact of Cuban economic on leadership Influenced by the political ideology, Cuba refused the free trade with the foreigners in the world market. Cuba carries out the planned economy for a long time and limits the private economy (Padilla and McElroy, 2007). The production are largely owned and operated by the government. Leaders from foreign countries may not easy in Cuba.5.2 Impact of culture on organization behavior in Cuba Likewise, the impact of culture on the organization behavior must be also taken into account by the management. Organization behavior is a field of study that investigates the impact of individuals, groups and structures upon behavior within an organization. Organization behavior can be silent pause, and the bars can be eliminated.5.2.1 Impact of Cuban history on organization behavior In a long history of the communist society, the Cubans get used to obey the rules from the leaders. In simple words, the individuals, groups and structures in Cuba share the same rules . In the process of cross cultural management, members of an institution or organization obey the group norms.5.2.2 Impact of Cuban education on organization behavior Castro developed a fully state-operated education system, at the same time the private institutions are banned by the government. There is no advanced education system to build the organization behavior. In other words, the organization behavior of the local employees can be rebuilt in the process of cross cultural management.5.2.3 Impact of Cuban language on organization behavior The official language in Cuba is Spanish, and the organization behaviors are based on the language. More importantly, language is the communication tool, and it can also decide the success of cross cultural management. Only on the infrastructure of understanding the language, the organization behavior can be understood.5.2.4 Impact of Cuban social structure on organization behavior Likewise, social structure decides many social systems, such as legal system, cultural system, economic system, and political system. Individuals and groups obey the social systems, and organization behavior can be influenced by the social systems.5.2.5 Impact of Cuban religion on organization behavior To be more specific, the Santeria in Cuba developed from Catholicism by combining the religion of African slaves and some local Americans. Institutions or organizations from foreign countries can take advantage of the religion to bring people together.5.2.6 Impact of Cuban politics on organization behavior The former leader Castro controlled everything for years and the Cuban people have been under control. Under such political environment, behaviors of individuals and groups are influenced by the external political factors.5.2.7 Impact of Cuban economic on organization behavior Foreign leaders may find it difficult in leading the local Cuban employees, and some measures should be taken, for example hiring the local managers. The Cuban people have high territoriality when working with the foreigners, which largely results from the political attitude of the communist society in the world (Sror and Arteaga, 2000).6 Conclusion and Recommendations Due to the different political ideology, Cuba closed the door and operated differently. In conclusion, the characteristics of Cuban culture are different, and cross cultural management in Cuba needs to consider the characteristics. Recommendations will be made in the following to operate the silk trade in an effective and efficient way.6.1 Leadership tendencys of cross cultural management in Cuba There are many kinds of leadership carriages, which include authoritarian, paternalistic, democratic, laissez-faire, and transactional. Taking the Cuban cultural characteristics into account, the kind of paternalistic leadership style can be put into practices in the Cuban business world. The leaders encourage the employees to compete the tasks, at the same time they take care of the emp loyees as a parent will do, because the local employees are influenced by the external political factor. In order to do the silk trade, the leaders have to deal with the authority barriers in Cuba.6.2 Communication styles of cross cultural management in Cuba In Cuba, the official language is Spanish. As for the management, the communication styles can be assertive, aggressive, passive, and passive-aggressive. The best style for the management in Cuba can be the assertive communication. To be more specific, the leaders can communicate with the local employees in an assertive way. The language barrier can be solved by hiring the translators, and the institutions and organizations can hire the local employees as the middle management level, for they can carry out the business strategies better and communicate with the local employees easily.6.3 Negotiation skills of cross cultural management in Cuba Under the different cultural background, some negotiation skills are necessary in the process of cross cultural management. By understanding the Cuban culture, leaders in Cuba can learn how to work with the Cubans and avoid the cultural barriers. It can be recommended that the first one negotiation skill is to learn to flinch. In order to make the silk trade with the Cubans, the businessmen need to respect the local rules and the employees, thus make them feel comfortable in the trade process. The second one is to recognize that customers often ask for more than they expect to get. In the process of silk trade, the Cubans are provided good products and services. After the customers recognize the products and services, the company can build better brand awareness to increase the sales and make profits in Cuba.6.4 Management styles and requirements of cross cultural management in Cuba The management process is not easy, but it can significantly influence the silk trade in Cuba. During the process of cross cultural management, the management can consider the Cuban cultu ral factors, as explained in the above cultural dimensions. Especially, when making important decisions, the cultural factors need to be taken into account, as well as the problem-solving process and team management.6.4.1 Decision-making of cross cultural management in Cuba The process of decision-making is not easy in a different cultural background. In the Cuban culture, the first one is to take the political factor into account. The government interface with free trade can be the biggest barrier in Cuba. The decision-makers need to understand the Cubans, for example, things can be borrowed and shared often and easily. Cuban people have high territoriality when working with the foreigners, so the institutions and organizations can get together with the local groups. In the end, results of the potential decisions need to be reasonably predicted under such circumstances.6.4.2 Problem-solving of cross cultural management in Cuba When facing with the conflicts, the management needs t o solve the problems. Unlike the conventional situation, the local cultural may be more complex, for the conflicts in Cuba may involve many parties. At this time, the foreigners need to understand how the local residents deal with the problem. For example, the members of this country believes that inequities are usual and accepted by all layers of the society, and the leaders of an organization can have a lot of power. In simple words, the foreigners can seek for the support of the leaders if they are encountering the barriers in Cuba. More importantly, people in Cuba belong to the category of high uncertainty avoidance, and money can be the effective and efficient to solve the current problems.6.4.3 Team management of cross cultural management in Cuba As a communist society, the Cuban people are regarded as the group. It is known that Cuba is a collectivist culture. Under such political environment, people work together and share the property. They believe that all the Cubans are i mportant and cooperation is important in the society. In the process of team management, the leaders can learn to motivate the employees and increase the cohesion power among the team members. In addition to this, the dominant values in the society are caring for others and quality of life, rather than the competition, achievement, and success. If team members share the same values, they can come together to complete the common goals. The last but not the least, the leaders have a lot of concentrated power. During the process of cross cultural management, leaders need to develop an understanding of the Cuban culture.

Himalayan Tourism in Nepal

Mountaineering It was cheweering that first opened up Nepal to the outside world. Of the worlds 14 highest peaks above 8,000 m, eight of them crown Nepals north, including the highest Mt. Everest. Not surprisingly, the fascination of scaling these physic eachy demanding peaks draws crowds of lectureors from abroad year after year without let up. The batchs are open for climbing in entirely the quatern climbing seasons spring (March-May), summer (June-August), autumn ( kinsfolk-November) and winter (December-February).The Ministry of Culture, Tourism and Civil Aviation issues permits for the bigger bay windows charm the Nepal Mountaineering Association issues permits for the smaller trekking peaks between 5,587 m and 6,654 m. Mountaineering trekking Rock Climbing Rafting / Kayaking / Canoeing Jungle safari Hunting Bird Watching Paragliding / Ultralight / Cable Car Mountain Flights Mountain Biking Bungee Jumping / C whatsoeveroning boating / Fishing / Angling Horse Riding / Pony Trek Golf Pilgrimage City Tours Nightlife / Clubbing Dining obtainEvents / Festivals MICE (Meeting, Incentive, Conference, Exhibition) Special Interest Adventure S looks & pertly Products http//welcomenepal. com/promotional/tourist-activities/mountaineering/ - Tourism History in Nepal Nepal is tourists heaven for adventure, cultural and environmental enrichment. Variation in pictorial dischargescape of Nepal consists of valleys and plains known as Terai in the south, and the breathtaking Himalayan peaks in the north add great flavor for tourist.Though exact date and history of tourist incoming to Nepal is still unknown, it kitty be assumed that first tourist arrayed coming to Nepal only after first road system was built in 1950 that connect nigh of the Nepals cities with Indian roomer in the south. Since then international tourists flow to explore Nepals rich tillages, picturesque Himalayan takescape. George Mallory and Andrew Sandy Irvine who had disappeared in 1924 in an attempt to conquer Everest. further it was on In 1953 Edmund Hillary and Tenzing Norgay Sherpa first conquered Mt.Everest (8848 m). Till now several passel has attempted and successfully conquered the worlds highest mountain. Annapurna I was the first 8,000-metre (26,200 ft) peak to be climbed. Maurice Herzog and Louis Lachenal, of a cut expedition guide by Maurice Herzog (including Li whizzl Terray, Gaston Rebuffat, Marcel Ichac, Jean Couzy, Marcel Schatz, Jacques Oudot, Francis de Noyelle), reached the summit on 3 June 1950. Its summit was the highest summit attained on E artistic creationh for terzetto years, until the first successful ascent of Mount Everest. However, higher non-summit points at to the lowest degree 8,500 meters (27,900 ft)-had already been attained on Everest in the 1920s. ) In the mid 1950 small stems of monied individuals, sponsored students travel east from England by Land Rover or Bedford Dormobile to climb mountains or carry out scientific studi es and surveys, often publishing accounts of their travels afterwards. They travel terrestrial and their take aims watch Western Europe crossing Turkey, Iran, Afghanistan, Kasmir, Manali and capital of Nepal till Goa, India. They travel by and through buses and stay in cheap hotels along their trails and love to socialize with local anesthetic people and food.They passes journey of over 6,000 miles in each direction, and it took in high mountain passes, scorching deserts, and some very rough roads. During 70s Nepal became safe tourism culture for those groups due to its perfect climate, peaceful place and unique cultures. Many reasons had attracted these groups for traveling standardised spiritual enlightenment escape from wars in the west and rigid lifestyles, some for business or still some just requisiteed to explore and see the world. They were simply great adventure lovers and were known as Hippies of 70s. These group of people were known as Hippies or freak.In some way or the separate they have great contribution of introducing Nepal as one of the ruff travel destination. Eventually, people in Nepal started opening hotels, resort, western restaurants with modern facilities to attract the tourist. Modern tourist activities in Nepal included Trekking, Rafting, Peak climbing, Wildlife safari and many more(prenominal) adventure sports like Bungy jumping, paragliding ,mountain climbing, mountain course etc. Nepal has always attracted and become best tourist destination in the world principal(prenominal)ly due to their keen hospitality, friendly people, unique cultures and awe-inspiring Himalayas and mountains.Nepal Tour packages Nepal Historical Culture Tour 05 old age 4 nights/ 5 age customized tour itinerary for Nepal historical and cultural tour best(p) Nepal Tour 10 Days Nepal best tour package for 9 nights/10 days which is customized by Nepal Mountain Tour 15 Days Nepal mountain tour most of destination is mid hill function for 15 days Nepal Experience Tour 14 Days 13 nights/14 days Nepal experience tour takes you to experience real Nepal Nepal Pilgrimage Tour 12 Days 11 nights/12days Customized Tour Package Best Nepal Combo Tour 10 DaysSightseeing-Hiking-Rafting-Safari, 10 days Customized Tour Package Nepal family vacation 11 Days Nepal family holiday for 11 days is suitable for any age group of family Buddhistic pilgrimage tour 8 days 08 Days Buddhist pilgrimage tour in Nepal is popular for among the travelers those Lumbini tour 11 Days Lumbini tour is targeted for those travelers who want real peace and spiritual enlightenment. Complete Buddhist Circuit Tour 12 Days 12 days Complete Buddhist circuit tour, Lumbini, Bodhgaya, Sarnath Kushinagar Annapurna character Trekking Annapurna stand camp trekking 11 DaysAnnapurna Base Camp trek offers magnificent views, easy walks. Annapurna circuit trekking 15 Days Annapurna circuit trekking covers approximately 200 km trekking trail Annapurna Sanctuary Trek 09 Days Annapurna Sanctuary Trek offers magnificent views and easy walks unmingled Annapurna Base Camp Trek 09 Days Classic Annapurna base camp trekking journey to Annapurna offers Classic Annapurna Circuit Trek 12 Days Classic Annapurna Circuit trek is approximately 200 km trek.. Classic Tilicho Lake Trek 19 Days Classic Tilicho Lake Trek joint together along the same..Ghorepani Poon Hill trekking 10 Days Ghorepani Poon Hill trekking trail is one of the most visited areas Muktinath Jomsom Trek 14 Days Muktinath Jomson Trek made more popular due to easy accessibility Jomsom Muktinath Overland Tour 12 Days Jomsom Muktinath Overland Tour to this share made more popular Tilicho Lake Trek 19 Days Tilicho Lake Trek combined with Classic Annapurna Circuit trail. Trishuli Rafting Annapurna Trek Jungle Safari 14 Days Trishuli Rafting Annapurna Trek Jungle Safari here we have Ghorepani Ghandruk trekking 12 DaysGhorepani Ghandruk trek route is one of the most visited areas of Annapurna trail http//www. himalayanmentor. com/tourism-history-in-nepal. html - Nepal General Information Nepal is an outstanding multi adventure destination on the planet with its unique geographical kaleidoscope variations. The agricultural is home of worlds highest mountain including Mt Everest and other thousand of mountains higher than 6000m. It is also birth place of Lord Buddha and Gurkhas homeland country where travelers can experience and enjoy their alien holiday undoubtedly difference.Countrys amazing geographical orientations are the main(prenominal) natural rewards so the adventure seekers get more opportunities than their quest of challenge. Besides, Nepal is a fascinating land of ancient history, vibrant culture of tolerant people and home of living Goddess. Since 1950s when its borders were first opened to the outside world, the abode of the Himalayas, Nepal, offers probably the best trekking holiday, extreme mountain climbing, adrenaline river run, grand wildli fe safari activities, historical-cultural sightseeing tours and many other adventure holiday options.Visiting remotes of countryside exploring there traditional peoples life style and encountering their culture make you to feel precious insight into fast disappearing world and embark on truly life-enhancing journey of discovery. Fact Figures of Nepal Location South Asian kingdom, Chinas Tibet Autonomous contribution in the north, and India in the South, East and West and geographically Nepal is located between 800 4- 800 12 east longitude and 260 22- 300 4 north latitude.Total Area 147, 181 Square Kilometer ( close to 200 Km width north to south 885 km east to west) Area cover on Earth 0. 01% of Earth 0. 1% of Asia Geography 64% Mid-Hill Mountain (Mahabharat Range), 6% Churia Hill( Siwalik Range), 13% Plain Land of Terai, 17% Himalayan Alpine Region approximately Time Difference + 545 of GMT National Language Nepali National Greeting Namaste ( content I salute the divine in you) Sea Port None, Landlocked by India south, east and west and by Chinas Tibet Autonomous Region in the north Population 29. million, concord to year of 2009 estimation Religion Multi Religious Country ( rough 80% Hindu, 10% Buddhist, 4% Muslim 6% others religious) People More than 60 heathenish groups and about 70 different spoken languages Culture Multi Culture Country Source of Economy Traditional Agriculture, Tourism Cottage Industry Main Highlights Mt Everest 8848m induce Place of Lord Buddha (Lumbini) governmental System The Multi-Party System Federal Democratic Republic since 2008 Passport VisasAll the travelers should have valid liberty chit for at least six months and visa can be obtain from Nepalese embassy or consulate in your country, however visa is stamp at the condemnation of arrival in Airport. Children bellow 10 years need not pay any visa fee. Travelers willing to get access visa at the air port or at any entry points in Nepal are required to fill a visa form with passport and photographs while passing through the immigration. Chinese citizen are requested to apply in the Nepalese embassy or other Nepalese diplomatic agencys as there is no provisions of on arrival visa for them.Transit visa Transit visa can be obtained from the Airport Immigration Office for a period of 48 hours on institution of confirmed air ticket. Visa Fee * Gratis visa for 30 days available only for tourists of SAARC countries * Multiple entry 15 days US$ 25 or equivalent convertible currentness * Multiple entry 30 days US$ 40 or equivalent convertible funds * Multiple entry 90 days US$ 100 or equivalent convertible capital Visa Extension . It can be all-embracing at the Department of Immigration, Maitighar, Kathmandu. Visa extension fee for 15 days or less is US $ 30 or equivalent convertible currency and visa extension fee for more than 15 days is US$ 2 per day * Tourist visa can be extended for a maximum period of 150 days in a single visa year (Janu ary December). Currency Exchange Nepals official currency is the Nepalese Rupees. Nepalese Rupees are pitch in denominations of 1000, 500, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1. Coins are found in denominations of Rs. 5, Rs. 2, Rs. 1 and 50 paisa. One rupee equals 100 paisa.All Major Banks, hotels, and the interchange counters in Kathmandu, Pokhara Chitwan and other touristic towns provide services for exchanging distant currency. However, only 10 percent of the total amount may be converted by the bank. air is widely in use in Kathmandu and other cities. Foreign Currency and Credit Card Credit cards like American Express, quash and Visa are widely accepted at major hotels, shops, travel- trekking agencies and restaurants. Remember to keep your Foreign Exchange Encashment Receipt while making overseas supercede payments or transferring overseas currency into Nepalese rupees.Time and Off Day Nepal Standard Time is 5 hours 45 transactions forth of GMT and 15 minutes ahead of Indian standard time. Saturday is the official off-day in Nepal and all the Nepal Government offices remain closed. http//www. himalayanmentor. com/nepal-general-information. html http//images. search. conduit. com/ImagePreview/? q=number%20of%20tourist%20arrival%20in%20nepal%20in%20tablectid=CT3289075searchsource=10CUI=UN34246542992609027UM=1start=0pos=4 http//images. search. conduit. com/ImagePreview/? =number%20of%20tourist%20arrival%20in%20nepal%20in%20tablectid=CT3289075searchsource=10CUI=UN34246542992609027UM=1start=0pos=4 http//images. search. conduit. com/ImagePreview/? q=number+of+tourist+arrival+in+diagramin+nepalctid=CT3289075SearchSource=10FollowOn=truePageSource=ImagePreviewSSPV=CUI=UN34246542992609027UP=UM=1start=0pos=16 about(predicate) Nepal General Information about Nepal Official name Nepal Adhirajya (Kingdom of Nepal) Area 147. 181 Square kmPopulation 23. 5 million Capital Kathmandu Political System Multiparty Democracy with Constitutional Monarch Language Nepali, Eng lish Religious Groups Hindus (89. 5%), Buddhists (5. 3%), Muslims (2. 7%), Jains (0. 1%), Christians and others (0. 023%) Currency Nepalese Rupee (NR) objurgate click on image to zoom in National Holiday 07 July (Birthday of the King)Information about Nepal Nepal is the only Hindu kingdom in the world. Nepal is spread across the main tips of the Himalayas and has always been a land of fascination.Nepal is a land of great contrasts with high Himalayan mountains, vast and icy glaciers, tiny houses, ancient history, artistic monuments, exotic wildlife sanctuaries, greenery and diverse cultures. It is the land where Lord Buddha was born over 2,500 years ago. Nepal is rectangular in shape, landlocked and covers an area of 147,181 square km. Nepal is situated between Tibet in the north and India in the South and has thus produced a remarkable mixture of people and culture thus offering a fascinating diversity of ethnic and cultural groups.After Nepals long period of isolation Kathman du has become the gateway to Nepal. The Kathmandu Valley is the cultural and political centre of Nepal. The capital of Nepal is Kathmandu. slightly one-half a million people lives in Kathmandu. Every aspect of Nepali life can be seen in Kathmandu, which is the center of travel and adventure activities. The Kathmandu Valley is magnificent for its wealth of unique temples. Nepali is the official language of Nepal and is spoken by most of the people. Till 1951, Nepal was a closed book for foreign visitors. Till 1964, it was reserved only for hardy climbers and explorers.In recent years, the country has opened its doors to foreign and Indian tourists and millions of them visit this country every year. The experiences of the travelers who visit the Nepal for the first time are very different. Some of the tourists feels like stepping out of a time machine, some are thrilled by the pleasant atmosphere, while, some of them feel like living in a permanently air-conditioned state. Nepal can be visited throughout the year and in any season. History of Nepal In the earlier days, Nepal was dissever into small principalities which were fighting against each other.It was not till the arrival of the Mallas from north India that Nepal was launched into its first flowering of social and artistic creativity. The Mallas also took control of a major part of Nepal and Tibet. But, pattern of small, independent kingdoms continued and Nepal could not be unified. The Mallas had three separate kingdoms in the Kathmandu Valley itself, with their capitals at Kathmandu, earlier known as Kantipur, Patan, known as Lalitpur and Bhadgaon, known as Bhaktpur. The Mallas left their stone inscriptions in temples and carved them on the bases of statues.As the Mallas grew weaker due to family feuds, they were replaced by the Shahs. It was during the rule of King Prithvi Narayan Shah (1730-75) that Nepal became more unified. He came from the Gurkha portion. He was the first to use these tough fighters to strengthen his rule. The Gurkhas are still valued as great fighters and a large number of them are helping in the Indian and British armies. The King Prithvi Narayan Shah was responsible for the exclusion of European traders from the country. As the Shah dynasty became weak, the Ranas took over Nepal in 1846. The monarch only became a figurehead while the Ranas ruled the country.Nepal lost war to the British in 1857 and accepted their nominal allegiance. As a result, the Gurkhas fought several wars for Great Britain. They sided with them during the first War of Indian liberty in 1857. The British were so pleased with their loyalty that they returned some of the territories they had occupied after the defeat of the Nepalese. Subsequently, the Gurkhas fought other battles for Britain, including World War I & II. They fought in all parts of the World. After a popular revolution made by the ninth King Tribhuvan of Shah dynasty in 1950-51, the Ranas were defeated.The King Tribhuvan died in 1955 and was succeeded by his son Mahendra. Nepal became a member of the United Nations in 1955. The King Birendra Bir Bikram Shah Dev was the 10th king in the dynasty. The King Birendra abolished party system. In 1990, a popular democratic revolt led to the re-establishment of a multi-party democratic system based on adult franchise. The new democratic Constitution of the kingdom was promulgated on November 9, 1990. The king remains the token(a) head of the government. In 1994, Nepal elected communist party to form the government which has since been replaced by coalition government.Geography of Nepal Nepal is bounded in the north by Tibet the autonomous region of China, in the east by Sikkim and West Bengal, in the south by Bihar and in the west by Uttar Pradesh. The land extends approximately for 885 km from east to west, and 193 km from north to south. The land in Nepal can be broadly divided into three regions which are Himalayan region, Mountain region and Terai region. The overhead railway of the Himalayan Region ranges between 4877 metres and 8848 metres with the snow-line running around 4877 metres. It includes all the major peaks of the Himalayas.The mountain region covers about 64 percent of the total land area of the country. It is formed by the Mahabharata Range which soar up to 4877 metres. The sea-level Terai region lies at an altitude of 305 metres and occupies about 17 per cent of land area. Kachanakawal, the lowest point in the country, has an altitude of only 70 metres. It is located in Jhapa district of east Terai. The land rises from the Terai, the southern plains covered with tropical jungles and fertile farm land at intimately sea level to the high Himalaya mountains in the north with valleys and lush hills in between within a distance of less than 200 km.The lowlands of the Terai are about one hundred metres above sea level. This, together with monsoon rains along the slopes facing south has resulted in compactin g virtually all climate zones on the earth. Except the Terai region in the extreme south, the mid-valleys are seldom higher than 1220 metres above sea-level. Out of the ten peaks, eight highest peaks lies in Nepal. The Himalayas are the youngest and the highest mountain chains in the world. nigh a third of its 1000 km. long Himalayan range lies within Nepal.It has a convergence of 1310 magnificent pinnacles and peaks over 6000 metres including the worlds eight of the 14 giant peaks over 8000 metres high. Mount Everest, the worlds highest peak and Kanchanjunga, the third highest peak lies in Nepal. The other six peaks in Nepal are Lohtse, Makalu, Cho Oyu, Dhaulagiri, Manalsu and Annapurna I. Some of these obstinate mountain peaks provide a vivid contrast with hand-sculpted landscape of farms in mountain valleys. Flora and Fauna in Nepal Nepal is one of the richest countries in the world in terms of bio-diversity due to its unique geographical position and altitudinal variation.Th e elevation of the country ranges from 60m above sea level to the highest point on earth, Mt. Everest at 8,848 m, all with in a distance of 150 km resulting into climatic conditions from Sub-tropical to Artic. Nepal, occupying only 0. 1% of the earth is home to 2% of all the flowering plants in the world, 8% of the worlds population of birds (more than 848 species), 4% of mammals on earth, 11 of the worlds 15 families of butterflies (more than 500 species), 600 indigenous plant families, 319 species of exotic orchids. Climate in Nepal Nepal is a land of extreme contrasts as far as the climatic conditions are concerned.Nepal has four major seasons, namely, Winters from December to February, Spring from March to May, Summers from June to August, Autumn from September to November. The climate in Nepal ranges from the subtropical monsoon conditions in the Terai region to cool temperate conditions in the higher areas and an alpine climate with snow and extreme day temperature in the m ountains. As Nepal is situated in the northern hemisphere, so during the summers, it is the rainy season in Nepal. The monsoon lasts across the whole country from June to September when over 75% of the one-year rainfall occurs.The amount of rainfall decreases from south to north and from east to west. The Mahabharat Lekh forces the moist monsoon air stream to rise that causes heavy rains on the hills in the south, e supernumeraryly in the Terai region. The Spring season is warmer than the autumn. In the high mountains in winters, the temperature drops below zero, while in the Kathmandu valley, daytime temperature rarely drop below 10 degrees Celsius. Pokhara is lower and warmer and more pleasant than Kathmandu in winter but hotter, more humid and less comfortable in summer.The post-monsoon period from October to November is characterized by settled weather, clear skies, no rain and moderately high temperatures. As winter approaches it gets cooler, especially at night. This is an id eal time to visit Nepal. Nepal can be visited the whole year round. Light weight clothing is recommended for May through October. Warm garments are required in October March. An umbrella or a waterproof is a must for the rainy season. C Jan Feb Mar Apr May June July Aug. Sep. Oct. Nov. Dec. Day 22 24 26 29 28 28 31 30 31 28 26 23 Night -5 -1 -2 6 7 8 10 18 19 14 5 -3 Rainfall 1 5 2 6 10 15 21 20 12 4 1 0 Economy of Nepal Nepal is primarily an agricultural country. About 90% of the population is engaged in agriculture, and there are very little industries. The Terai region occupies 23% of the land area and contains 42% of the population, is the most amentaceous region. It accounts for over 80% of Nepals rice, and 65% of its wheat. Cash crops like sugar cane, jute, tobacco and tea also important. The Hill region occupies 43% of the area and contains 50% of the population.The fertile Kathmandu Valley contains 10% of the hill population and is the center of government. The mou ntain region occupies 34% of area, but only 8% of its people. This region is be by the pastoral nomads. about hill and mountain farm households own livestock whose main contribution to human existence is through their provision of muck and draught labour. A small surplus of grain and industrial products are exported to India. Carpet, jute, brick, sugar, cigarette, saw mill, rice mill, oil mill, beer and garments are the major industries. Tourism is one of the biggest foreign exchange earners. People of NepalNepal has more than 61 ethnic groups and 70 spoken languages. It is believed that the first inhabitants of Nepal were Mongoloid or Tibetan who migrated to the fertile valleys in the south. They were in general Buddhists who follow the Tantric rituals of Tibetan Buddhism. In the early centuries of the Christian era, they were joined by Indo-Aryans or Hindus from northern India, who took the charge of the country. They were followed by the Lichhivis who were Buddhists convert ed by Lord Buddha himself. The people were charming, naturally friendly and virtually untouched by the social, political and commercial changes taking place beyond its borders.Those early travelers were effusive in their praise of this wonderful but economically backward land. Today, the different races and tribes of people live in different regions of Nepal. They follow varied customs, traditions, wear different costumes and speak different languages. The Rais, Limbus, Magars and Gurungs mainly lives in the eastern mountains and on the southern slopes of Annapurna Himachulti and Ganesh Hamal. They are popularly known as the Gurkha soldiers. The Sherpas popularly known as tigers of snow live to a height of 4000 metres and are the tough mountain climbers.The Sherpas have easy access to Bhot (Tibet) for trade and social intercourse and therefore Tibetan influence on their culture and purification remains distinct. The Newars and Tamangs mostly inhabit the Kathmandu valley. The Tha ru and Dhimals live in the Terai region. Brahmins, Chhetris and Thakuris are spread over the hills and valleys. The midlands are inhabited by various Tibeto-Burman and Indo-Aryan disquisition hill and valley people. The people of Nepal mostly wear the handmade natural fiber cloth men and women in cotton, hemp, and wool. More Religion in Nepal About ninety per cent of the people are Hindus, 5. per cent are Buddhists, 3% are Muslims and the rest of the people comprises of other religion. Hinduism and Buddhism are the two major religions in Nepal. There is a complex blend of Hinduism and Buddhism in Nepal. Although a Hindu kingdom, all deities are worshipped by Hindus and Buddhists alike. A remarkable feature of the land is the mutual bond of friendship between the people of the two religions. Buddhists are mainly found along the northern border area and in the eastern part of the country. Hindus are found in the south and west and Muslims are mainly concentrated along the border with India.Festivals of Nepal The rich cultural heritage of Nepal is manifested by the diverse social customs and festivals. Some of the festivals which are celebrated in Nepal are Nepalese New Year, Linga Jatra or Bisket, Buddha Jayanti, the Red Machhendranath Rath Jatra, White Machhendranath Rath Jatra, Dhumji, Losar Festival, Gai Jatra, Desain, Durga Puja, Indra Jatra, Diwali and Shivaratri. More Languages of Nepal Most of the people speak the Nepali language. The Nepali is written in Devanagri script and is the official language of Nepal.Nepali, Maithili, Bhojpuri, Tharu, Tamang and Nepalbhasa are the various languages which are spoken by more than half a million people. English and Hindi are widely understood in the urban centers. Tourist Attractions in Nepal Nepal offers an incomparable scope to connoisseurs of art and culture to see and study the different aspects of fine arts in its painting, sculpture, woodcarving and architecture. The three main historic cities of Kathmandu, P atan and Bhaktapur with numerous historical monuments, old places and palace squares, shrines and temples, perfect(a) traditions and legends make it a veritable living museum.The city of Nepal comprises of three royal cities of Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur. The tourist attractions in Nepal are Kathmandu, Nagarkot, Dhulikhel, Daman, Pokhra, Royal Chitwan National viridity, Lumbini, Patan and Bhaktapur. The famous tourist attractions in Kathmandu are the Durbar Square, Swayambhunath Stupa, Bodhnath Stupa, Pashupatinath Temple, Temple of Living goddess Kumari and Changu Narayan temple. Wildlife in Nepal The main vegetation found in the Terai region are deciduous forests. The sal and teak are the main trees that are found in the Terai region.The grasslands are found in the far west and smaller areas in the mid west. The wide variety of wildlife is also found in the national parks in the Terai region. There are few wild animals in the central zone because of the lack of forest and other natural vegetation. Nepal is also home of a wide range of bird life like Impeyan pheasant, mahseer, snowcock, snow partidge, choughs, buntings and redstart. The country has managed to preserve more endangered species of flora and wight than any other area in Asia. Nepal has nine National Parks and three Wildlife Reserves, which include areas in the highest mountains in the world as well sub-tropical lowland of the plains. Some of the famous national parks are Bardia National Park, Chitwan National Park, Sukla Phanta National Park, Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve, Everest National Park, Langtang National Park, Shey Phoksundo National Park, Rara National Park, Khaptad National Park, Makalu Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Annapurna, Manaslu Conservation Area, Kanchenjunga Conservation Area, Dhorpatan Hunting Reserve. MoreEntry Regulations in Nepal All the tourists, except the Indian nationals must have a valid passport and visa, before entering Nepal. But, now Indian s traveling to Nepal by air have to show upon arrival at entry point either a passport, voters Identity card issued by the Election Commission of India, or an identity card with photograph issued by the Nepal based Indian diplomatic mission for identification of Indian nationals will also be considered in case of exceptions. Children under 10 years need not show any identification.Foreigner who intends to visit Nepal must hold valid passport or any travel document equivalent to passport issued by the Govt. for visiting a foreign country prior to apply for visa. No foreigner is entitled to enter into and stay in the Kingdom of Nepal without valid visa. The tourist visa can be obtained from any Royal Nepalese Embassy or Consulate valid for a period of 30 days. Visas can also be obtained for 15 days on arrival at the Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu or at the other places.Chinese citizen are requested to apply in Royal Nepalese Embassy or other Nepalese diplomatic missions as there is no provision of on arrival visa for them. On arrival at the airport, you must produce the disembarkment card and fill up the embarkation card when you depart. All the tourists are also required to pay an airport tax. Currency in Nepal The main currency of Nepal is the Nepali rupees (NR). The facilities for converting foreign currency into the Nepali Rupees are available at the international airport, banks and hotels. The hotel bill can also be settled in the foreign currency.Tourists are also advised to obtain the encashment receipt in the exchange of foreign currency. It will help them to reconvert the leftover Nepali Rupees into dollars. The Indian Nationals can also bring the Indian rupees which can be easily accepted in the shops and hotels. Foreign currencies must be exchanged only through the banks or authorized foreign exchange dealers. The receipts from such transaction are to be obtained and retained. Customs Formalities All baggage must be stated and cleared t hrough the customs on arrival at the entry.Personal effects are permitted free entry. A tourist may bring in dutiable goods, such as tobacco and liquors, within the prescribed quantity free of duty. Carrying narcotics, arms and ammunitions are strictly prohibited. Visitors can export souvenirs to their respective countries. The export of antiques requires special certificated from the Department of Archaeology, Kathmandu. Time in Nepal The time in Nepal is 5 hours 45 minutes ahead of the Greenwich Mean Time and 15 minutes ahead of Indian Standard Time. Cuisine of Nepal The culinary art of Nepal is similar to Indian cuisine.Some of the dishes are prepared in similar way like the Indian dishes. The Nepalese cuisine is quite simple. The cuisine varies according to ethnic groups and castes, depending on ingredients available and affordable. Indian, Chinese and Tibetan flavors and aromas can easily be detected in Nepalese meals although Nepals cuisine maintains its own flavour. Nepals climate has made it possible for the country to grow crops such as rice, lentils, wheat, corn and potatoes. In Nepal, rice is the most common food and in most of the hotels almost all the 3 meals comprise of rice.The menu comprises of varieties of Indian, Chinese, Mexican, Italian and German dishes. The Nepali food is generally very spicy and hot. It is eaten without starters, soups or courses. Whilst Nepalese cuisine is somewhat basic, it certainly does not lack in flavor, make extensive use of spices and flavorings such as ginger, garlic, coriander, pepper, cumin, chilies, cilantro, mustard oil, ghee and occasionally yak butter. A typical Nepali meal consists of rice, at least one lentil curry called Dal, Bhat (rice), Sag (green vegetables), Tarkari (curried vegetables), chutneys, pickles and desserts.Juju Dau, Dahi or curd and Sikarni are various desserts. Most of the people in Nepal are vegetarian and non-vegetarian dishes are not a part of the daily menu. Beef is typically not eaten in Nepal for religious reasons. Local liquor, tongba and thon (rice beer) are popular drinks of Nepal. Shopping in Nepal Kathmandu is a shoppers paradise. While roaming in the markets, one could see that Nepal is highly influenced by the Hinduism Buddhism. All the masks, figures and various items are based on Hinduism and Buddhism.The most popular shopping items in Kathmandu are the Tibetan carpets, Jewellery, pottery, art and craft items, leather jackets, hand made belts, statues of Lord Buddha, wooden toys, decorated admixture knives and varieties of hand-made garments like shawls, sweaters, trousers and caps. The customers can get a better bargain as the first price quoted is always higher than the price that will eventually be accepted for commodities. Accommodation in Nepal Nepal has every category of accommodation facilities. These range from the international standard star hotels to budget hotels and lodges.In order to have an assured flavor service, it is advisa ble to use the facilities and services of government registered hotels, lodges, travel agencies, the licensed tour guides only and engage an authorized trekking guide or porter only through a registered travel or trekking agency. How to reach Nepal Nepal is adequately served by major international airlines besides its own national carrier Royal Nepal Airlines. Some of the airlines which operates flight to Kathmandu are China, Lufthansa German Airlines, Pakistan International Airlines, Indian Airlines, Qatar Airways, Thai International and Singapore.It also operates flight to Europe, USA, India, China and Japan. The tourists can also enter into Nepal from India through the Terai region by a picturesque highway built by India. It is also not difficult to reach any part of Nepal through any means of transport, but there is no railway network within Nepal. All visitors entering Nepal by land must use no other entry points other than Kakarbhitta, Birgunj, Belhiya, Bhairahawa, Nepalgunj, Dhangadi, Mahendra Nagar in the Nepal-India border and Kodari in the Nepal-China border. The overland tourists entering the Kingdom with