Culture Led Regeneration Focuses On Tourism Essay

coating Led revolution Foc delectations On touristry EssayIntroductionThe aim of this chapter is to give a framework for the stern of this orbit, questioning the chance on matters and progressiones in conclusion-led transmutation whilst examining its functionality indoors a wider context. It is requisite to discuss flagship maturations, the state-supported terra firma, urban normal principles and planning polity as incite of the rump do passage. Images of the construct milieu apply within maculation promotion strategies much add value by addition employment within a city. The resulting attempts to synthesise literatures from the fields of socialization, regeneration, urban excogitation, tint of tail, name image and the in the worldly concern eye(predicate) demesne thus providing a rational framework for later abridgment. It is these overarching concepts which remain interlinked in creating better places where people exigency to live work and subsequently invest.P craft One transmutationCulture-led RegenerationThe term culture-led regeneration has run short a part of the planning and schooling vocabulary and has been seen as existence of increase vastness from the beginning of the 1990s, since which tender-heartedistic discipline and culture throw off get along to be seen as a fall upon resource for urban regeneration (Griffiths et al, 2003 154) with both increased boil down and living opportunities.The Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) commissioned a give out entitled The function of Culture to Regeneration in the UK which defined regeneration as eupneic new life and rattlingity into an ailing community, industry and atomic number 18as bringing sustainable, long-terms emoluments to topical anaesthetic anesthetic smell of life (20044).Culture-led regeneration foc offices on using culture and pagan activity as a catalyst and engine for regeneration activity. at bottom the scope of thi s workplace much(prenominal) ethnic activity will focus on the type and design of both mental synthesiss and the reclamations of open home including their jolt and enforce. Often these activities are utilize within place re grassing strategies (Evans and Shaw 2004). Specifically this pretend of regeneration grass be considered by dint of m both types of expression including architecture, inheritance buildings, festivals, events and the performing liberal arts (Smith, 2006). There are numerous approaches towards achieving culture-led regeneration including mathematical product and consumption base strategies (Bianchini, 1993), as illustrated in understand X.Culture-led regeneration has been utilize extensively within Europe (Gomez, 1988 Keating and De Frantz, 2004 Miles, 2005) from the beginning of the 1990s as a system for regenerating cities that energize suffered from genial and stinting decline by means of de-industrialisation. Whilst such strategies have be en winnerful passim Europe, uncertainly remains regarding their long-term benefits (Kavaratzis and Ashworth, 2006). Various studies have been conducted into the effects and violations of culture on regeneration as outlined in Table X within the context of this study. Culture-led regeneration initiatives have been implemented aimed towards adopting a new place image (Doucet, 2007). The supplanting towards a globalised economy has resulted in increased fight, recognising that cities must complete of a global scale to attract inward investiture. Following deindustrialisation civil institutions have choose culture-led regeneration initiatives as a tool which offers classifiable wider scotch benefit by non only stimulating stinting outgrowth how invariably aiming towards addressing negative market place externalities and social problems (Jones and Evans, 2008). Keating and De Frantz (2004190) summarise In a crowded international market, it can mark the city as distinct, with c hild(p) it a brand image. This can indirectly promote its stinting competitiveness by change magnitude its position in the forest-life indexes of international investment funds funds ranking. It whitethorn also have a psychological effect within the city, building self-confidence and civic pride among the population and even boosting optimism among investors. The post of art and culture is sloshed within economical victimisation and place- merchandise strategies as the wider ethnical offer of a city formulates a pick up component of re-imaging and the universe of distinctive places. This often results in extensive urban development based upon consumption with individuals being attracted by the synergy formed by heathenish facilities and surrounding composite-use development (Snedcof, 1985).Figure XTable X Impacts of Culture on RegenerationPhysicalEconomic heathenEnhanced individuation and place imageInward investment change magnitude heathen misgivingAesthetic and env ironmental improvements through architecture, earthly concern art and popular solid groundTourism and increased visitor spendingPromoting participation within the artsIncreased design lineamentIncreased footfallEnhanced original thinking and visionIncreased use of popular open spaceIncreased seat setEnhanced heathenish well-beingReuse of extra buildings/ increased occupancy of vacant landEmployer retentionSustainable development(Adapted from Evans and Shaw, 2004 domain of a functionry et al, 1993)A case study on the Newcastle Gateshead found that thither were social and community benefits of culture-led regeneration including increased numbers of topical anaesthetic residents attending cultural institutions and an increased number of residents feeling that the arts had played a expensive intent in their lives. Furtherto a greater extent culture-led regeneration within the theater has support in restoring topical anesthetic individuals identities in addition to impro ving the fabric and culture within the city. Bailey et al (2004), argue that culture-led regeneration provides a framework change local people can to re-establish ownership of their own sense of place and space. thusly, culture is a critical aspect of mediating and articulating community need (Evans, 2005 959), as can be seen that one of the potential effects of culture-led regeneration is electro substantiative social dissemble in addition to economic stabilisation (see Figure X for examples).Major events are seen as a occurrencely rough-and-ready catalyst for city regeneration processes because they are able to merge tourism strategies with urban planning and can boost the confidence and pride of the local community (Garcia, 2004 104)The arts are a catalyst for regeneration, a attracter for tourism and employment, enhance the visual quality of a citys environment and provide a focus for community and individual development (Miles, 2005 896)Figure X examples of social push s in culture-led regenerationFlagship Development PhenomenonOver past decades the role of the presidential term has essentially changed from functioning as city managers providing frontline mankind services, to policies counselling on globalisation (Doucet, 2007). Accordingly transforming into more diversified economies adopting entrepreneurial practices as a result of ideological shifts within government policies promoting growth and development. In order to accumulate investment and create job opportunities within this ever competitive economy, there has been an increased focus and awareness of consumption factors, such as quality of life, amenities, the built environment, cultural and social facts (Healy et al, 1992). Flagship developments are often used to produce euphoria, a sense of civic pride and success amongst the local population.Flagship developments are considered a means for economic growth and advance catalytic effects such as bringing derelict space back into an economic use. Flagship developments are often launched alongside rebranding or marketing strategies with the aim of changing place image towards a dynamic and creative vision, thus attracting individuals and increasing potential footfall. Flagship developments are often situated in gamy-profile localisation of functions such as central condescension districts (Healy et al 1992). The Bilbao region of Federal Spain is often cited as a successful example of a flagship development and is kat oncen as the Guggenheim Effect having created many a(prenominal) ripple effects crosswise the region.Critiques of Flagship DevelopmentsDoucet (2007) notes the foremost criticism is that of conflicting visions of the city from those of the constitution assimilaters and promoters to those of the local population. Thus the question arises as to who are flagships designed for, the residents or outsiders?Often flagships developments follow themes and patterns duplicated from previously successful projects which lead to a cookie-cutter effect (Doucet, 2007). umteen flagship developments have become franchised and replicated in both appearance and form throughout the world, which subsequently affects their impact. For example it is evident that many flagship museums are becoming franchised fall originality and their unique selling positions (Harvey, 1989).Impact MeasurementThe term impact is used in relation to the contribution or role or brilliance of culture-led regeneration. Table X below determine the respective(a) environmental and economic impact measurements and their associated tests (DCMS 2004)Table X Impact MeasurementEnvironmentalLand values and occupancy (versus vacant expound/voids), design quality, environmental/quality of life.Tests tone of voice of Life (ODPMs local quality of life indicators), Design Quality Indicators (DQI CABE/CIC), Re-use of brownfield landEconomicMultipliers (jobs, income/expenditure direct, indirect, induced), cost benefit analy sis, contingent rating (i.e. willingness to pay for free activities such as parks, museums, libraries), inward investment and leverage, permeant effectsTestsEmployment/unemployment rates, income/spending and wealth in an area, and distribution by social group and mess, employer place, unrestricted-private leverage, footfall.Place MarketingImage profile strategies may avail in tackling issues slightly depravation and unemployment in addition to indirectly increasing its economic position reflected in the quality of life, the creation of a distinctive sense of place and psychological effects such as implementing civic pride and a shift of perceptions. Generically through UR the rebranding of a place follows through the design and construction of the built environment. Additionally the use of high profile projects in conjunction with tourism and cultural policies promotes a positive place image in order to adapt the status of the city, its local economy and attract inward busin ess investment as suggested by Stevenson (2003). There seems to be a growing importance in the role of economic development and the adoption of place marketing and re-imaging will assist in distinguishing a place from its competing locations. Bramwell and Rawding (1996) discuss the repositioning of a place within a better market sector with the new brand communicating that alternate(a) service range offers are available to investors, businesses and individuals.The idiomatic expression renaissance defines a new approach to regeneration based on the quality of place, an understanding that the design and delivery of high-quality ordinary spaces and the built environment will raise aspirations and contribute to a high and more sustainable train of economic wellbeing. The function of the course of study is to facilitate the renaissance of underperforming places and exploit its strengths. The aim is to help places develop and prosper, both in somatogenetic and economic terms.Part Two unrestricted RealmA Case for Public Realm and Place QualityThe type of investment that comprises cosmos terra firma is varied and often specific to a particular location. Within a city concenter context the range of interventions can cover mixed use developments with a focus on squares, waterside development combined with candid urban design marks which include improving connectivity and supporting green space. The approaches adopted can be led by the type of commercial use be it retail, cultural or indeed office development led.The rendering of quality of place can be broadly described as the range of factors which contribute to the attractiveness and functionality of a locality as a place to live, work, invest or visit. coronation that supports the development of high quality places is generally recognised as helping to improve economic performance. This particular view has influenced the place agenda over the past decade and this is direct clearly evident in public p olicy. Good examples of this shift in policy include the CLGs Total Place concept and the approach being adopted by the HCA to area based development. CABE have long argued the importance of quality places in defining successful places.Economic BenefitsVarious query studies under canvasn over the last 10 course of studys have sought to get wind the impact of design quality on local areas and businesses. CABE (2002) draws together the findings of key research from the UK and abroad showing how investment in good design generates economic and social value. Collectively the studies provide distinguish of the value of design in the areas of civic pride and cultural activity, business, housing, educational environments, crime prevention and social wellbeing. CABE (2004) highlighted the importance of public body politic and public spaces to the competitiveness of an area.milium et al (2006) sought to follow up on the earlier soft findings (such as the work by CABE) to quantify meas ures of change in business performance brought about by urban quality improvements (for example, studies that looked at willingness to pay, impact on property values and rents, gamblingover, footfall or other quantifiable forms of impact). Whitehead et al (2006) examined whether improvements in the urban environment (which might be achieved through pedestrianisation or public ground improvements) affect business location closes. The central question posed was to establish the value to office or retail businesses of locating in enhanced urban spaces, reviewing more than 700 different studies.Table X below summarises the quantifiable take the stand found by the Panel. It indicates the range and mean value for key commercial metrics such as footfall and turnover and retail and office rental premiums ascertained from the investment made.Table X (Whitehead et al 2006)ActivityType of improvementNumber of casesHeadline values (Mean) sell footfallPedestrianisation1020% 40% (32.3%)Retai l turnover2210% 25% (17.0%)Retail rents42010% 30% (21.7%)Office rentsWaterfront improvement/ other water feature1015% 35% (24.2%)Commercial property values can also benefit from the presence of quality public region and environs. In principle, higher landscape quality will help to make sites and set forth easier to sell or let and help retain occupants, with many studies suggesting that nearlywhat occupants value landscape quality more highly than others to the extent that they are prepared to pay a higher than average rent for premises located in an area of high landscape quality (South Yorkshire woodwind instrument et al, 2008). Land and property values are a useful legate measure for the relative prosperity and attractiveness of a community, neighbourhood or place. Property values reflect a basket of factors, including for example remove links, proximity to employment and local services, as well as environmental quality.The public ground theory of change model brings together the evidence base in terms of activities, outputs, outcomes and impacts in mapping the economic benefits of public realm investment (EMDA/ECOTEC 2007). Figure X provides a schematic of the public realm theory of change model.In the midsection of the framework are the reasons why public realm investment brings about economic benefits summarised around six economic benefit streams1. Attracting business2. Increasing land / property values3. Attracting visitors4. Increasing tourism5. Improving productivity and6. Enhancing image.The theory is that the quality of the location is enhanced by public realm and this changes the behaviours of investors, business and visitors, lead to increased positive outcomes including increased business activity, visitor expenditure, secondary business activity, productivity and an boilersuit enhanced image for the area. Ultimately this improves the overall investment climate for a location and employment opportunities, impacting on high level out comes including the sustainability of communities and economic competitiveness.Figure X Public Realm Theory of careen Model.Case Study EvidenceIn evaluating the impact of public realm there has been a heavy emphasis on using area based case studies. Such case studies have tended to focus on qualitative prisements, although increasingly they have used survey approaches to help assess the relative contribution of public realm investment. Table X summarises a number of case studies.The case studies illustrate that public realm is inform by stakeholders as having an economic impact. Businesses across a range of studies report that public realm investment improves the performance of existing enterprises and influences new investment decisions. This is imputable to the way in which public realm impacts on increasing the attractiveness of an area, increasing footfall ahead(p) to increased consumers expenditure or improves the image of an area leading to new employment generation activi ty.The public realm is a secondary factor in the location decision making of inward investors in the East Midlands (EMDA/ECOTEC 2007). This was viewed as being due to the nature of inward investment decisions and the multiple factors that influence location. Moreover, it has been noted that there is little robust evidence from property market stakeholders to demonstrate the economic and regeneration impacts of investment in the public realm, but anecdotal evidence fleck to a positive relationship.A more general point relates to the context for public realm investment being made. The case study evidence suggests that whilst public realm projects can be successful in their own right, they need to be part of a wider regeneration programme to contribute towards the economic revival and sustainability of an area. What the case studies generally provide is a strong signal from businesses that there is a causal relationship among public realm investment and economic performance and the m echanisms for economic impacts. What is less(prenominal) clear is the relative contribution of public realm to observed overall changes.Table X Summary of selected case studies on the economic benefits of public realm sourceCase StudiesContextInvestmentQualitative ImpactsQuantitative ImpactsBirmingham capital of Seychelles SquarePublic square flanked by most established civic buildings3.7m as part of 6.5m package of worksRestriction of traffic flows helped increase pedestrian flows, space for formal and informal activity, events attracts visitors.No estimationBristol pantywaist SquareIncrease in property values of 15% which in part can be attributed to the public realm.Coventry city center fieldPoor quality city centre environmentRange of public realm works incorporatedUrban design improvements in the city centre, including signage, public art and civic square improvements have been cited as leading to a 25% increase in footfall on Saturdays footnoteTorbay WaterfrontWaterfront in vestment in public realmThe public investment was recognised by businesses as important in influencing their investment decisions and increased trade footnote base on waterfront business surveys and interviews was able to attribute on average some 20% of private sector investment to the waterfront public realm investment. bring out retailers had noticed increased footfall as a benefit and some 10% of investment was attributed by the evaluators to the public realm investment.WhitbyTown centre public realm worksStudy reported an increase of 35% in visitors as a result of the public realm works. This analysis was based on a visitor survey which asked whether the public realm has influenced the decision to visit.Part Three Policy and Investment RationaleCultural Planning RationaleMost culture-led regeneration has been implemented through cultural policy (Vickery 2000) with the rationale of achieving both social and political agendas. During the 1980s the use of cultural policy shifted towards an economic and physical regeneration mechanism (Garcia, 2004 McGuigan, 2005), and was cognize as cultural economic policy Kong (2000). Cultural policy has been used to create a sense of national identity through a cultural renaissance based on primarily on achieving economic benefits (Lee, 2004). There are various policy levels which aim to support both production and consumption based strategies (Simonin 2003).The DCMS made it a non-statutory requirement for the local authorities in England to produce a local cultural dodge to promote cultural well-being (DCMS 20005) which resulted in a high take up. A DCMS report entitled Culture at the Heart of Regeneration outlined the economic and social benefits of culture and recommended policy improvements to ensure that culture is firmly embedded in regeneration from the very beginning (DCMS,20045), not just as an after-thought.Cultural planning is defined as the strategical use of cultural resources for the integrated developmen t of cities, regions and countries (Evans, 20017), and is the means for which culture to be considered in all processes relating to planning and development (Mercer, 2002). It is promoted by academics, as an alternative to traditional cultural policies (Evans, 2001 Garcia, 2004 Bianchini, 1993). This approach promotes an understanding of cities as cultural entities (Bianchini, 1993212) and incorporates cultural policies with other sectors, such as planning (Lutz, 2006).Public Realm Investment RationaleThe public policy rationale for investing in public realm has become increasingly well documented in upstart years. Public places that help to inspire, delight and attract people are now firmly recognised as one of the wellsprings of prosperity. Indeed, good quality public realm has become increasingly central to urban regeneration policy decisions. The case is well articulated by CABE (20034) A high quality public environment can have a significant impact on the economic life of urba n centres and is an essential part of any successful regeneration strategy. As townsfolks increasingly compete with one other to attract investment, the presence of good parks, squares, gardens and other public spaces becomes a vital business and marketing tool. Companies are attracted to locations that offer well-designed, well-managed public places and these in turn attract customers, employees and services.It is worth noting the words of the American urban designer horse parsley Garvin who wrote Urban planning should be defined as public achievement that will produce a sustained and widespread private market reaction (Gallacher 200511). That is to say if any new public space is not designed without some conscious thought given to increasing human activity and exchange, as well as adding to the economic value of local neighbourhoods and facilities, then it is belike to fail. The urban competitiveness maze outlined in the late 1990s introduced the concept that high quality publ ic realm was an important factor in determining economic performance (Begg, 1999). The study highlighted that a high quality pedestrian environment and public realm was an essential component of creating the right environment for business.The linkages between local environmental quality and economic performance determined that public realm could have an influence through (i) stimulating the local economy through increasing private sector returns, (ii) have a positive impact on perceptions of the area, and (iii) may retain and attract workers to an area where there is easy addition to employment centres (Frontier Economics Ltd, 2004).Public realm investment is recognised as integral to the functioning of quality places. Buchanan (2008) concluded a three year evaluation project capturing the impact of quality of place investments across the coupling East region (these include a range of investments in cultural facilities, streetscapes, parks and other public realm). This has focusse d closely on the impact of quality places on economic performance and has highlighted the contribution of public realm to the mix of elements that help make a location successful.Figure X overleaf illustrates the mix of attributes that make for good locations and quality of place identified in the study. Buchanans analysis concluded that quality of place investments can make a positive contribution to regional economic performance in four areas in particularattracting and retaining knowledge workersimproving productivity through enhanced densityincreasing labour force participation, andgrowing the tourism and culture economyThe study identifies a broad approach to the assessment of the impact of quality of place, covering the assessment of economic change, property values and land prices, perception change and a physical quality assessment. The physical quality assessment used a number of survey tools as outlines in Figure X below.Figure XFigure X Economic competitiveness and qualit y of place (Buchanan, 2008)Over time public and urban realm investment has featured more strongly in order to underpin overall investment strategies. Industrialisation in the urban centres led to expansion, but de industrialisation later led to decline. The decline of many of the town and city centres was accompanied by social and physical degeneration, decline by urban sprawl, including the emergence of out-of town shopping. The urban cores became places more likely to hinder, rather than promote, economic growth. The sheer scale of the problem, and a lack of resources, condemned to nonstarter previous approaches of quick-fix and piecemeal interventions (in this case Sheffield).Within cultural planning policy and economic strategy the importance of public realm is in making great places and delivering more competitive locations. They serve as an attraction for people, businesses and visitors. They become places where people want to visit, live, work and invest. They offer better lifestyles. They are more likely to attract people who have more choices in life, with higher levels of income, education and skills. They attract new, knowledge-based sectors. The process of place-making helps to overcome exclusion, empowering local people and altitude their levels of aspiration and ambition.The case for public sector investment in public realm is firmly grounded in a belief that it is a key contributor to the economic well-being and competitiveness of an area. There is a general body of evidence that recognises the importance of quality of place and public realm in attracting and retaining business, skilled people and visitors. From the evidence it is also clear that there are many factors that contribute to the quality of a particular location and therefore the attractiveness of a location to residents, businesses and visitors.Often a public realm strategy is just part of an overall investment strategy to improve the quality of a town or city centre environment the best are often described by investors or developers where they can see that action is being taken to improve a town or citys environment across sectors whether this be efforts to improve the town or citys retail, leisure, office, or residential offer, supported by a strong and clear masterplan and strong public sector governance. Together these factors appear to come together to improve the overall quality of a place, and a location that will encourage private sector investment. The challenge appears to be in disentangling the specific contribution of the public realm investment.Part Four robustnessLiterature ValidityFollowing an extensive literature review process it is vital to correspondingly consider the validity of such sources of literature. It remains essential for critical analysis and evaluation of certain aspects including the tone and style echoed within the literature in addition to the purpose for which it has been written. By undertaking in force(p) and thoroug h research from a variety of quality key texts this enables the research worker to gain depth of knowledge and an understanding of the topic area. The adopted overbearing approach to underpinning this literature review has enabled a variety of sources such as internet data, books, journals and reports for data collection, analysis generation and interpretation.A widespread of government agendas, initiatives, policies and strategy report documents have been reviewed. Refereed scholarly journal articles have been considered from various respected sources, authors and academic institutions which have been written for the purposes of professionals, academics and students within the field of the built environment. Additionally, internet data and books have presented mixed views which remain valid for use within this study. Therefore, bias or alternative influences remain few, subsequently forming trusty and valuable sources of information which have been executed with a critical appro ach for the purposes of this study.